Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 6, 2026
Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects
Published on: September 18, 2012
Improvement of driving skills in persons with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a pilot study
Abiodun Emmanuel Akinwuntan1, Hannes Devos2, Kelly Baker2
1Department of Physical Therapy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA; Department of Neurology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA.
Objective:
To determine the potential to improve driving-related skills using a simulator-based program in persons with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS).
Design:
Pre-post intervention.
Setting:
A university driving simulator laboratory.
Participants:
Participants (N=50) with RRMS and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores between 1 and 7 were enrolled. Pre- and posttraining data from 36 participants (mean age ± SD, 46±11y; 30 women) who received training and 6 participants (mean age ± SD, 48±13y; 5 women) who did not receive training (control group) were compared.
Interventions:
Five hours of driving training in a simulator.
Main Outcome Measures:
Performance on a road test at pre- and posttraining. Secondary outcome measures were performance on visual, physical, and cognitive tests.
Results:
Overall, no significant differences were observed between the training and control groups before and after training. However, 4 of the 7 participants in the training group who failed the road test at pretraining passed posttraining, while the only participant in the control group who failed at pretraining still failed at posttraining. The training group also improved on perception of red and colored numbers, the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test, and the dot cancellation test of the Stroke Driver Screening Assessment battery and reported less fatigue. These improvements were most pronounced among those with an EDSS score between 3 and 7.
Conclusions:
This pilot study demonstrates the potential of using a simulator to improve driving-related visual, cognitive, and on-road skills in individuals with RRMS, particularly those with an EDSS score >3. Future randomized controlled trials with adequate power are needed to expand this field of study.
