Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Assessment of Cardiac Morphological and Functional Changes in Mouse Model of Transverse Aortic Constriction by Echocardiographic Imaging
09:05

Assessment of Cardiac Morphological and Functional Changes in Mouse Model of Transverse Aortic Constriction by Echocardiographic Imaging

Published on: June 21, 2016

18.0K

Altered transmural contractility in postmenopausal women affected by cardiac syndrome X

Christian Cadeddu1, Silvio Nocco1, Martino Deidda1

  • 1Department of Medical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy.

Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography
|October 29, 2013
PubMed

Insights

Cardiac Syndrome X (CSX) patients exhibit impaired endocardial function during exercise. Layer-specific echocardiography reveals reduced myocardial perfusion reserve, aiding CSX diagnosis.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Cardiovascular Imaging
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Cardiac Syndrome X (CSX) presents with angina and normal coronary arteries.
  • Subendocardial hypoperfusion is observed in CSX patients via cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging.
  • Investigating layer-specific myocardial function under stress in women with CSX is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the contribution of individual myocardial layers to global function during stress in women with CSX.
  • To compare layer-specific strain and strain rate between CSX patients and healthy controls.
  • To evaluate diastolic function in CSX patients during exercise.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty-two postmenopausal women with CSX and 20 healthy controls underwent clinical evaluation and exercise echocardiography.
  • Left ventricular systolic and diastolic parameters were assessed at rest and peak exercise.
  • Two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography evaluated layer-specific global longitudinal strain (GLS) and strain rate (SR) from endocardium, midmyocardium, and epicardium.

Main Results:

  • While all subjects had normal resting and peak exercise contractile function, CSX patients showed significantly lower increases in endocardial GLS and SR compared to controls.
  • Specifically, endocardial ΔSR was 0.17 ± 0.19 in CSX vs. 0.33 ± 0.13 in controls (P < .01), and endocardial ΔGLS was 1.33 ± 2.93 vs. 6.64 ± 2.62 (P < .001).
  • Patients with CSX also exhibited significantly impaired diastolic function (ΔE', 1.1 ± 3.3 vs. 4.0 ± 2.03).

Conclusions:

  • Exercise reveals subendocardial impairment of contractile function in patients with CSX.
  • These findings confirm reduced myocardial perfusion reserve in CSX.
  • Layer-targeted exercise echocardiography is a sensitive tool for assessing suspected CSX.
Abstract

Keywords:
CSXCardiac syndrome XExercise echocardiographyGLSGlobal longitudinal strainLVLeft ventricularMRIMagnetic resonance imagingPETPositron emission tomographySRSpeckle-tracking echocardiographyStrain rate

More Related Videos

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause06:18

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

11.7K
A Surgical Model of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction in Tibetan Minipigs07:09

A Surgical Model of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction in Tibetan Minipigs

Published on: February 18, 2022

2.2K

Related Concept Videos

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
2.3K
Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy01:29

Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...
812
Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy01:30

Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Dilated cardiomyopathy, or DCM, is a progressive myocardial disorder characterized by ventricular chamber dilation and contractile dysfunction.EtiologyVarious factors can cause DCM, including hypertension and heavy alcohol intake, which contribute to the weakening and enlargement of the heart muscle. Viral infections, such as Coxsackievirus B, adenoviruses, and influenza, can lead to DCM by causing inflammation and damage to heart tissue. Certain chemotherapeutic agents, including daunorubicin,...
802
Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance01:29

Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance

Typical heart performance is influenced by heart rate, rhythm, myocardial contraction, and metabolism or blood flow. The cardiac muscle exhibits distinct electrophysiological features, including pacemaker activity and calcium channel control, which play a vital role in the heart's response to various drugs. The autonomic nervous system, comprising the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, regulates heart rate. Sympathetic activation increases heart rate, while parasympathetic activation...
2.2K
Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
CHF can occur due to the failure of either side of the heart. Left-side failure leads to pulmonary congestion—the right side continues to send...
3.3K
Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests01:23

Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests

Mitral stenosis is a heart condition in which the mitral valve, which allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, becomes narrowed or stenotic. This narrowing hinders blood flow and leads to clinical symptoms requiring specific medical evaluations and management strategies. The following overview outlines the clinical symptoms, assessments, diagnostic findings, prevention methods, and treatments for mitral stenosis.Clinical ManifestationsDyspnea (shortness of breath): This...
565