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Related Concept Videos

Drug Dosing in Renal Diseases: Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate01:25

Drug Dosing in Renal Diseases: Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate

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The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a critical indicator of kidney health, reflecting how well the kidneys filter blood. Changes in GFR can signal potential kidney impairment, necessitating accurate measurement methods to monitor kidney function effectively.Various molecules can serve as markers for GFR measurement, with the ideal marker meeting several specific criteria. It must freely filter at the glomerulus, avoid reabsorption or secretion by the renal tubules, remain unmetabolized, not...
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Drug Dosing in Renal Diseases: Estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate Based on Serum Creatinine Concentration01:28

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Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can be estimated from serum creatinine using the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) formula or the chronic kidney disease–epidemiology collaboration (CKD–EPI) equation. Both methods are widely used in clinical practice to assess kidney function and guide treatment decisions.The MDRD equation does not require weight or height measurements and is normalized to the body surface area of 1.73 m², considered the average adult surface area.
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Renal Drug Excretion: Glomerular Filtration01:02

Renal Drug Excretion: Glomerular Filtration

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The kidney serves as the primary organ responsible for eliminating drugs and their metabolites from the body. This process, known as renal elimination, starts with glomerular filtration and results in urine formation. Each kidney houses millions of functional units called nephrons, where urine production occurs. A nephron has two main components: a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule.
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Glomerular Filtration Rate and its Regulation01:28

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The Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is a measure of kidney function, reflecting the volume of filtrate formed per minute in the kidneys. On average, GFR is approximately 125 mL/min in males and 105 mL/min in females. Maintaining a relatively constant GFR is essential for the kidneys to effectively regulate body fluid homeostasis and maintain extracellular stability.
GFR regulation involves two primary intrinsic controls: the myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanisms.
The myogenic...
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Drug Dosing in Renal Diseases: Measurement of Serum Creatinine Concentration and Clearance01:25

Drug Dosing in Renal Diseases: Measurement of Serum Creatinine Concentration and Clearance

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In healthy individuals, serum creatinine levels remain stable due to a balance between its constant production—primarily from muscle metabolism—and renal excretion. Creatinine is freely filtered by the glomeruli, making it a valuable marker for estimating renal function. When the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decreases, the kidneys can only eliminate less creatinine, causing serum levels to rise.Serum creatinine concentration is widely used to estimate creatinine clearance...
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Physiology of the Genitourinary System I: Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration01:29

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The kidneys are vital organs responsible for regulating blood filtration, waste excretion, and fluid balance, all of which are crucial for maintaining homeostasis. Renal physiology examines renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, and urine formation, ensuring the body’s internal environment remains stable.Renal Blood FlowThe kidneys receive about 20-25% of the cardiac output, typically around 1200 mL of blood per minute in an average adult. Blood flows into the kidneys through the renal...
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Estimating glomerular number: why we do it and how.

John F Bertram1

  • 1Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.

Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology
|October 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Counting kidney glomeruli (filtering units) is crucial. This study reviews current methods, highlighting limitations, and introduces a novel magnetic resonance imaging approach for in vivo glomerular quantification.

Keywords:
glomeruluskidneymagnetic resonance imagingnephron numberstereology

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Medical Imaging
  • Anatomy

Background:

  • Determining the number of glomeruli, and consequently nephrons, is of significant interest in kidney research.
  • Accurate glomerular counting is essential for understanding kidney development, disease, and function.
  • Current methods for glomerular quantification have inherent limitations affecting accuracy and applicability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the advantages and disadvantages of existing methods for counting kidney glomeruli.
  • To introduce and describe a novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) approach for glomerular quantification.
  • To present a method for counting glomeruli in developing kidneys.

Main Methods:

  • Review of established techniques: acid maceration, counting glomerular profiles in histological sections, model-based stereology, and design-based stereology.
  • Description of a new approach utilizing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for potential in vivo glomerular imaging.
  • Outline of a specific method for enumerating glomeruli in developing kidneys.

Main Results:

  • All currently available methods for glomerular counting possess limitations.
  • Design-based stereology is considered the gold-standard but is not without drawbacks.
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers a promising new avenue for non-invasive, in vivo glomerular quantification.

Conclusions:

  • Existing methods for counting glomeruli are reviewed, with their respective limitations discussed.
  • A novel MRI-based approach shows potential for future in vivo glomerular imaging and quantification.
  • The study contributes to the ongoing efforts to accurately determine nephron number through improved methodologies.