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Related Concept Videos

Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Types of Selection01:46

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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.
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Speciation is the evolutionary process resulting in the formation of new, distinct species—groups of reproductively isolated populations.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Probing the Limits of Egg Recognition Using Egg Rejection Experiments Along Phenotypic Gradients
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Interspecific patterns of phenotypic selection do not predict intraspecific patterns.

J R Ott1, S P Egan2,3

  • 1Department of Biology, Population and Conservation Biology Program, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA.

Journal of Evolutionary Biology
|October 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study examined host plant selection on gall size in wasps. Intraspecific patterns of selection did not align with interspecific trends, suggesting biological factors are key, not just sample size.

Keywords:
cynipidaephenotypic selectionselection gradientvariable selection

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Ecology
  • Quantitative Genetics

Background:

  • Phenotypic selection quantifies how traits influence survival and reproduction.
  • Previous studies suggest sample size influences estimates of selection gradients (β and γ).
  • Host plant-mediated selection is a key driver of insect evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To estimate linear (β) and nonlinear (γ) selection gradients on gall size in the wasp Belonocnema treatae.
  • To investigate the relationship between subpopulation sample size and selection gradient estimates within this species.
  • To test if intraspecific patterns of selection variation align with interspecific patterns related to sample size.

Main Methods:

  • Estimated linear and nonlinear selection gradients for gall size across 22 subpopulations.
  • Analyzed the correlation between subpopulation sample size and the magnitude/variance of selection gradients.
  • Compared observed intraspecific patterns with established interspecific patterns of selection and sample size.

Main Results:

  • Intraspecific patterns of phenotypic selection (β and γ) in relation to sample size were not predicted by interspecific patterns.
  • The magnitude and variance of selection gradients did not consistently decrease with increasing sample size within the species.
  • Biological variation in selection among subpopulations appeared more influential than variation in study size.

Conclusions:

  • When selection is heterogeneous across populations, the biological basis of selection is a primary driver of estimates.
  • Interspecific patterns regarding sample size and selection gradients do not reliably predict intraspecific dynamics.
  • Studying selection within populations is crucial for understanding the sources of variation in evolutionary pressures.