AKT hyperactivation confers a Th1 phenotype in thymic Treg cells deficient in TGF-β receptor II signaling

The generation of CD4⁺Foxp3⁺ Treg cells in the thymus is crucial for immune homeostasis and self-tolerance. Recent studies have shown Treg-cell plasticity when Th-related transcriptional factors and cytokines are present. However, the mechanisms that maintain the stability of Treg cells are poorly understood. Here, using mice with a T-cell-specific deletion of the transforming growth factor-β receptor 2 (Tgfbr2⁻/⁻ mice), we identify the restriction of AKT activation as a key event for the control of Treg-cell stability in Th1 inflammation. AKT regulation was evident in thymic CD4⁺Foxp3⁺ Treg cells before they egressed to peripheral tissues. CD4⁺Foxp3⁺ thymocytes from mice with the Tgfbr2 deletion expressed high levels of CXCR3 and T-bet, and produced IFN-γ and TNF-α. Thymic Tgfbr2⁻/⁻ Treg cells also showed an increase in the activation of AKT pathway. Enhanced AKT activity induced the expression of IFN-γ both in natural and inducible Treg cells. Inhibition of AKT activity markedly attenuated the expression of IFN-γ and TNF-α in thymic Tgfbr2⁻/⁻ Treg cells in vivo. In addition, mixed bone marrow transplantation showed that TGF-β signaling maintained Treg-cell stability in an intrinsic manner. Our results demonstrate that AKT hyperactivation contributes to the conversion of Treg cells to a Th1 phenotype.