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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
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LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
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Transposons01:24

Transposons

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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs02:57

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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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Miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements: discovery, distribution, and activity.

Isam Fattash1, Rebecca Rooke, Amy Wong

  • 1a Department of Biology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada.

Genome
|October 31, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs) are abundant in eukaryotic genomes. Accurate MITE annotation is crucial for understanding their origins and amplification, even with their non-replicative transposition.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Eukaryotic genomes are dynamic, significantly influenced by transposable elements (TEs).
  • Miniature nonautonomous TEs, such as miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs), are abundant and highly copied despite lacking inherent copy number increase mechanisms.
  • MITEs occupy genomic niches where larger TEs are less common.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To accurately annotate MITEs in newly sequenced genomes.
  • To identify genomes with a high MITE content.
  • To expand the understanding of MITE origins, transposase sources, and amplification.

Main Methods:

  • Bioinformatic analysis of genomic sequences for MITE identification.
  • Comparative genomics to identify novel MITE families.
  • Phylogenetic analysis to infer MITE origins and evolution.

Main Results:

  • Identification of numerous MITE families across eukaryotic genomes.
  • Discovery of novel MITE families in previously uncharacterized genomes.
  • Quantification of MITE abundance and copy numbers.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate MITE annotation is essential for understanding eukaryotic genome dynamics.
  • The abundance of MITEs suggests unique amplification or retention mechanisms.
  • Further research on MITEs will illuminate their evolutionary roles and origins.