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Types of Selection01:46

Types of Selection

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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.
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How animals obtain and eat their food is called foraging behavior. Foraging can include searching for plants and hunting for prey and depends on the species and environment.
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Most altruistic behavior—in which one animal helps another at a cost to themselves—occurs between relatives. Scientists think these altruistic behaviors evolved because they increase the inclusive fitness of the animal providing help.
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Microorganisms evolve rapidly due to their large population sizes and short generation times, often exhibiting measurable changes within days under laboratory conditions. Natural selection acts on standing genetic variation, enabling the retention and amplification of beneficial traits that confer fitness advantages in changing environments.Adaptive Pigment Regulation in RhodobacterIn Rhodobacter, a genus of purple non-sulfur bacteria, light-harvesting pigments such as bacteriochlorophyll and...
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Shifting Zebrafish Lethal Skeletal Mutant Penetrance by Progeny Testing
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Optimal restricted phenotypic selection.

R P Wei1

  • 1Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-901 83, Umeå, Sweden.

TAG. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. Theoretische Und Angewandte Genetik
|October 31, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Optimizing breeding programs involves limiting selections within families (P1) and family numbers (P2). Maximum genetic gain is achieved by finding the optimal family number restriction (P2*), especially crucial in tree breeding.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantitative Genetics
  • Plant Breeding
  • Biometrical Genetics

Background:

  • Phenotypic selection is a cornerstone of genetic improvement in breeding programs.
  • Balancing genetic gain with effective population size is critical for long-term breeding success.
  • Previous models often did not fully account for simultaneous restrictions on selection intensity and family contribution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an optimization procedure for phenotypic selection under dual restrictions.
  • To determine the optimal restriction on family number (P2*) for maximizing genetic gain.
  • To evaluate the impact of heritability and population size on selection strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Mathematical optimization procedures for infinite populations.
  • Direct comparison of all possible P2 values for small populations.
  • Numerical simulations using normally-distributed family means and deviations.
  • Application to field trial data from two tree species.

Main Results:

  • Maximum genetic gain is achieved at an optimal family number restriction (P2*).
  • P2* is closely approximated by P/P1 (selection proportion / proportion selected within family), particularly with low heritability.
  • A practical approximation for P2* in tree breeding is P/P1 + 1/(tm), where m is initial family number.
  • High heritability facilitates simultaneous improvement of gain and conservation of inbreeding effective population size.

Conclusions:

  • Dual restrictions on selection intensity (P1) and family contribution (P2) allow for optimized genetic gain.
  • The optimal family number restriction (P2*) is a key parameter for maximizing genetic gain in breeding programs.
  • The findings provide practical guidelines for implementing efficient selection strategies in tree breeding and other quantitative genetics applications.