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Related Concept Videos

Types of Selection01:46

Types of Selection

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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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Small population sizes put a species at extreme risk of extinction due to a lack of variation, and a consequent decrease in adaptability. This weakens the chances of survival under pressures such as climate change, competition from other species, or new diseases. Large populations are more likely to survive pressures such as these, as such populations are more likely to harbor individuals that have genetic variants that are adaptive under new stresses. Small populations are much less...
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Natural Selection and Mating Preferences01:06

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The principle of natural selection posits that organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. This principle is closely intertwined with mating preferences, a key aspect of sexual selection, which evolutionary psychologists believe is driven by instincts to propagate one's genes. Such instincts significantly influence mating behaviors and preferences between genders.
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Mate Choice01:20

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Mate choice—the decision about whom to mate with—is a type of natural selection, since animals must reproduce to pass down their genes. Mate choice is also called intersexual selection because the behavior occurs between the sexes.
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In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Rearing and Long-Term Maintenance of Eristalis tenax Hoverflies for Research Studies
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Size of breeding populations required for selection programs.

S E Aggrey1, C Y Lin, K M Cheng

  • 1Avian Genetics Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of British Columbia, 248-2357 Main Mall, V6T 1Z4, Vancouver, B. C., Canada.

TAG. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. Theoretische Und Angewandte Genetik
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Summary

Determining the minimum population size for genetic selection requires considering measurement error variance. This factor is crucial in short-term experiments (≤ 5 generations) to accurately assess genetic drift.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantitative genetics
  • Population genetics
  • Animal breeding

Background:

  • Genetic drift significantly impacts selection experiments by introducing random fluctuations in allele frequencies.
  • Nicholas' model provides a baseline for calculating minimum population sizes but may not account for all sources of variance.
  • Understanding the interplay between genetic drift and measurement error is vital for effective experimental design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To extend Nicholas' model for calculating minimum population size by incorporating measurement-error variance.
  • To evaluate the impact of unequal sex ratios on population size calculations.
  • To determine the conditions under which measurement error significantly influences the effective population size.

Main Methods:

  • Mathematical modeling, extending Nicholas' existing population genetics model.
  • Inclusion of measurement-error variance into the response variance calculations.
  • Analysis of scenarios with unequal sex ratios among scored and breeding individuals.

Main Results:

  • The extended model quantifies the minimum effective population size needed to control genetic drift, accounting for measurement error.
  • Nicholas' approximation is valid for long-term experiments where measurement error is negligible.
  • Measurement-error variance is a critical factor in short-term selection experiments (≤ 5 generations) and cannot be ignored.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate estimation of minimum population size for selection necessitates the inclusion of measurement-error variance, especially in short-term experiments.
  • The study highlights the limitations of previous models in specific experimental durations.
  • Future research should consider these factors for optimizing breeding programs and genetic studies.