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Related Concept Videos

Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

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Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
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Electrochemical Cells01:28

Electrochemical Cells

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Electrochemical cells are systems that convert chemical energy into electrical energy or use electrical energy to drive chemical reactions. They consist of two electrodes in contact with an electrolyte, where redox reactions enable electron transfer. Most electrochemical cells include two half-cells connected by an external wire for electron flow and a salt bridge for ion flow. The salt bridge contains an electrolyte solution and maintains charge neutrality by allowing ions—not...
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Catalysis01:27

Catalysis

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Catalysis influences the rate of chemical reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. A catalyst speeds up a reaction, but it is not consumed during the process. The fundamental principle of catalysis is the ability of a catalyst to alter the reaction mechanism, often introducing a more efficient pathway than the uncatalyzed process.In a catalyzed reaction, the catalyst participates directly in the reaction mechanism. It interacts with reactants to form...
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Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
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Benchmarking heterogeneous electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction.

Charles C L McCrory1, Suho Jung, Jonas C Peters

  • 1Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis and †Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States.

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Summary

A new protocol standardizes the evaluation of oxygen-evolving electrocatalysts for energy technologies. Non-noble metal catalysts show similar performance in alkaline solutions but lack stability in acidic conditions, unlike iridium oxide.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Renewable Energy

Background:

  • Objective evaluation of electrocatalysts is crucial for developing energy conversion technologies like solar water-splitting devices, water electrolyzers, and Li-air batteries.
  • Current methods for evaluating oxygen-evolving catalysts lack standardization, hindering the comparison of material activity and stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a standardized protocol for evaluating the activity, stability, and Faradaic efficiency of electrodeposited oxygen-evolving electrocatalysts.
  • To focus on determining electrochemically active surface area and measuring catalytic activity and stability under conditions relevant to integrated solar water-splitting devices.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a protocol for evaluating electrocatalyst performance, focusing on electrochemically active surface area determination.
  • Measured electrocatalytic activity and stability under simulated solar water-splitting conditions, using overpotential at 10 mA cm⁻² geometric current density as a key metric.
  • Investigated various electrodeposited catalysts (Co, Ni-based systems, and IrO(x)) in acidic and alkaline solutions.

Main Results:

  • In alkaline solutions, non-noble metal electrocatalysts (CoOx, CoPi, CoFeOx, NiOx, NiCeOx, NiCoOx, NiCuOx, NiFeOx, NiLaOx) achieved 10 mA cm⁻² at similar overpotentials (0.35–0.43 V).
  • All investigated systems, except for electrodeposited iridium oxide (IrO(x)), demonstrated instability under oxidative conditions in acidic solutions.
  • The protocol allows for the determination of electrocatalyst turnover frequencies using surface area measurements.

Conclusions:

  • The developed protocol provides a standardized method for comparing oxygen-evolving electrocatalysts.
  • Non-noble metal catalysts exhibit promising activity in alkaline media but require further development for stability in acidic environments.
  • Iridium oxide remains a stable alternative in acidic conditions, though its activity and cost-effectiveness require consideration.