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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

1.2K
Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
1.2K
Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

1.2K
In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
1.2K
NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

3.5K
The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
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The Bohr Model02:18

The Bohr Model

68.0K
Following the work of Ernest Rutherford and his colleagues in the early twentieth century, the picture of atoms consisting of tiny dense nuclei surrounded by lighter and even tinier electrons continually moving about the nucleus was well established. This picture was called the planetary model since it pictured the atom as a miniature “solar system” with the electrons orbiting the nucleus like planets orbiting the sun. The simplest atom is hydrogen, consisting of a single proton as...
68.0K
¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

2.4K
The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene...
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Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving
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Coupling a single electron to a Bose-Einstein condensate.

Jonathan B Balewski1, Alexander T Krupp, Anita Gaj

  • 15. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.

Nature
|November 1, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A single Rydberg electron interacting with a Bose-Einstein condensate excites phonons, causing collective oscillations. This electron-matter coupling is stronger than with ions, revealing new quantum phenomena.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Condensed matter physics
  • Atomic physics

Background:

  • Electron-phonon coupling is fundamental to material properties like superconductivity.
  • Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer superconductivity arises from electron-phonon interactions forming Cooper pairs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the interaction between a single localized electron and a Bose-Einstein condensate.
  • Characterize the resulting electron-phonon coupling and condensate dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Formation of a Rydberg bound state with a single electron localized by an ionic core.
  • Observation of the electron's interaction with the Bose-Einstein condensate.
  • Measurement of electron lifetimes and condensate response.

Main Results:

  • The Rydberg electron excites phonons, inducing collective oscillations in the condensate.
  • Electron-condensate coupling is significantly stronger than with ionic impurities due to mass ratio.
  • Observed long electron lifetimes and finite size effects attributed to exploration of condensate periphery.
  • Rydberg electron wavefunction (n=202) extends to ~8 micrometers, encompassing thousands of atoms.

Conclusions:

  • Single Rydberg electrons can strongly couple to and influence Bose-Einstein condensates.
  • The favorable mass ratio enhances electron-phonon coupling strength.
  • Future research can explore electron orbital imaging, phonon-mediated coupling, and quantum optics applications.