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How crucial is the response format for the testing effect?

Fredrik U Jönsson1, Veit Kubik, Max Larsson Sundqvist

  • 1Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden, fredrik.jonsson@psychology.su.se.

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Summary

Overt testing, where learners type responses, enhances long-term memory more than covert testing. This study found overt testing significantly improves recall compared to repeated study, unlike covert testing.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Educational Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • The testing effect demonstrates that retrieval practice enhances long-term retention.
  • The impact of different response formats during testing on memory retention is less understood.
  • Overt testing involves active response generation, while covert testing involves passive recognition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relative efficacy of overt versus covert testing on long-term memory retention.
  • To determine if active response generation during practice benefits memory more than passive retrieval cues.
  • To compare the effects of overt and covert testing against repeated studying.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted using word-pair learning tasks.
  • Participants were assigned to repeated study, overt testing, or covert testing conditions.
  • Cued recall tests were administered after short (19 min) and long (1 week) retention intervals.

Main Results:

  • Overt testing significantly improved 1-week retention compared to repeated study.
  • Covert testing showed no significant difference in retention compared to repeated study or overt testing.
  • Experiment 2 indicated faster and better retrieval for overt testing, independent of retrieval effort.

Conclusions:

  • Overt testing is more beneficial for long-term memory retention than covert testing, though the effect size is small.
  • The findings support the hypothesis that active response generation during testing enhances memory.
  • Overt testing effectively demonstrates the testing effect, whereas covert testing does not.