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Related Concept Videos

Muscles for Facial Expressions01:14

Muscles for Facial Expressions

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The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
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Facial Feedback Hypothesis01:24

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

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Charles Darwin proposed that facial expressions are an evolutionary adaptation for communication. He argued that these expressions are not influenced by culture but are universal across species. For example, a snarling expression with exposed teeth signals a threat in many animals, including humans. Darwin also suggested that displaying an emotion can intensify the feeling. Smiling, for example, could enhance one's sense of happiness. This idea laid the foundation for understanding the role...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer
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The invisible frown plasty.

M B Habal1

  • 1, 1717 NW 23rd Blvd., 32605, Gainesville, Florida.

Aesthetic Plastic Surgery
|November 1, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Facial appearance impacts mood. This study introduces a surgical technique to remove corrugator and procerus muscles, improving patient attitude by reducing a sad or sinister facial expression. The procedure is safe and effective.

Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Facial Aesthetics
  • Psychological Impact of Appearance

Background:

  • A 'sad' or 'sinister' facial appearance can negatively affect a patient's attitude.
  • This aesthetic concern is prevalent in young and middle-aged individuals.
  • Addressing the underlying muscular cause can improve patient well-being.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a surgical approach for modifying facial expressions associated with negative attitudes.
  • To detail the removal of corrugator and procerus muscles for aesthetic and psychological improvement.
  • To evaluate the safety and efficacy of this specific surgical technique.

Main Methods:

  • Surgical excision of corrugator and procerus muscles.
  • Transnasal endoscopic approach.

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  • Small superciliary incision approach.
  • Use of a curette for muscle removal.

    • Main Results:

    • Successful removal of target facial muscles.
    • No reported complications associated with the procedure.
    • Implied improvement in patient attitude due to altered facial appearance.

    Conclusions:

    • The described surgical technique effectively addresses muscles contributing to a 'sad' or 'sinister' facial appearance.
    • The procedure is associated with a favorable safety profile.
    • This intervention offers a potential solution for improving patient attitude through aesthetic facial modification.