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Related Concept Videos

Pharynx01:20

Pharynx

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The pharynx, a tubular structure framed by skeletal muscle and lined with mucous membrane, extends continuously from the nasal cavities. It is segmented into three major areas: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
Nasopharynx
The nasopharynx, bordered by the conchae of the nasal cavity, serves exclusively as an air conduit. In its superior region, the pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids are located. These tonsils are clusters of lymphoid reticular tissue akin to a lymph node. The precise...
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Suctioning the Oropharyngeal Airway01:25

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In preparing for oropharyngeal airway suctioning, a nurse must gather all necessary equipment, including a suction unit with tubing, a prepackaged suction kit, sterile gloves, water or saline for irrigation, a water-soluble lubricant, and additional personal protective equipment (such as a gown, mask, and goggles) to control infections.
After assembling the equipment, the nurse should practice hand hygiene and don appropriate PPE according to infection control guidelines to avoid the...
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Larynx01:21

Larynx

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The human larynx, often referred to as the voice box, is an intricate organ located in the neck. It serves as a pathway for air to enter the lungs during respiration and is an essential component of voice production.
Anatomy of the Larynx
The larynx consists of various components, including cartilage, muscles, and vocal cords. Its structure includes three large unpaired cartilages—the thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis—and three smaller paired cartilages—the arytenoids,...
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Deglutition01:25

Deglutition

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Swallowing, otherwise known as deglutition, facilitates the transport of food from the mouth to the stomach. It is a multifaceted process that involves both the tongue and the muscles of the throat and esophagus. Saliva and mucus aid in this process, which takes approximately 4 to 8 seconds for semi-solid or solid food and around 1 second for liquids or very soft food.
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Esophageal Achalasia01:27

Esophageal Achalasia

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Esophageal achalasia is a chronic neurogenic disorder characterized by impaired relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and absent or ineffective peristalsis in the distal esophagus. This leads to a functional obstruction without a physical blockage, despite significant disruption of esophageal motility.EtiologyAchalasia is caused by degeneration of the myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus, specifically the loss of inhibitory ganglion cells that produce vasoactive intestinal peptide...
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Chronic Pharyngitis01:23

Chronic Pharyngitis

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Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Minimally Invasive Murine Laryngoscopy for Close-Up Imaging of Laryngeal Motion During Breathing and Swallowing
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Velopharyngeal dysfunction.

Albert S Woo1

  • 1Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Institute and Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.

Seminars in Plastic Surgery
|November 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD) causes air leakage during speech, leading to hypernasality and poor intelligibility. Diagnosis involves speech evaluation and imaging, with management including speech therapy, prosthetics, or surgery.

Keywords:
cleft palatehypernasal speechinsufficiencyvelopharyngeal dysfunction

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Area of Science:

  • Speech-Language Pathology
  • Otolaryngology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD) is a condition characterized by air leakage into the nasal passages during speech.
  • This leakage results in audible hypernasality, nasal emissions, and reduced speech intelligibility.
  • VPD can stem from anatomical, neuromuscular, or behavioral factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the diagnostic process for velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD).
  • To discuss the multidisciplinary approach to managing VPD.
  • To review various surgical interventions for VPD.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive velopharyngeal assessment.
  • Perceptual speech evaluation.
  • Functional imaging techniques such as video nasendoscopy and speech videofluoroscopy.

Main Results:

  • Diagnostic findings are evaluated by a multidisciplinary team.
  • Treatment plans are individualized, potentially including speech therapy, prosthetics, or surgery.
  • Various surgical techniques are available for VPD correction.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis of VPD etiology is crucial for effective management.
  • A multidisciplinary team approach ensures optimal patient care.
  • Surgical options provide effective treatment for velopharyngeal dysfunction.