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Overview of the Skull

Overview of the Skull

The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...

Sutures of the Skull

Sutures of the Skull

The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model

Published on: November 4, 2025

Craniofacial duplication: a case report.

Pradeep Suryawanshi¹, Mandar Deshpande, Nitin Verma

¹NICU Incharge & Associate Professor, Division of Neonatology, Department of Paediatrics, Bharati Vidyapeeth University Medical College , Pune, India .

Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research : JCDR

|November 2, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Craniofacial duplication, or diprosopus, is a rare conjoined twin variant. This case study describes a term infant with this condition, highlighting associated anomalies and embryogenesis theories.

Keywords:

Craniofacial duplication Diprosopus

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Area of Science:

Medical Genetics
Developmental Biology
Teratology

Background:

Craniofacial duplication (diprosopus) is a rare congenital anomaly.
It represents a spectrum of conjoined twinning, with varying degrees of facial duplication.
Reported incidence ranges from 1 in 180,000 to 15 million births, with approximately 35 cases documented.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe a case of a term infant presenting with craniofacial duplication.
To discuss proposed theories regarding the embryogenesis of diprosopus.
To provide a concise review of the existing literature on this condition.

Main Methods:

Case report presentation of a term neonate with craniofacial duplication.
Review of relevant medical literature concerning diprosopus.
Analysis of embryogenic theories related to craniofacial duplication.

Main Results:

The described term baby exhibited features consistent with craniofacial duplication.
Complete duplication is often associated with severe anomalies in multiple organ systems (CNS, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory).
Partial duplication may present without major congenital anomalies.

Conclusions:

Craniofacial duplication is a complex congenital malformation with a wide phenotypic range.
Understanding embryogenesis is crucial for predicting associated anomalies and patient outcomes.
Further case reporting and literature review contribute to the knowledge of this rare condition.