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Peptic Ulcer

Peptic Ulcer

Peptic ulcers are erosive lesions of the gastric or duodenal lining, most commonly caused by Helicobacter pylori infection. This Gram-negative, helical bacterium has adapted to survive the stomach’s acidic environment by producing urease, which converts urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. The ammonia neutralizes gastric acid in the bacterium’s immediate environment, allowing colonization of the gastric mucosa. H. pylori attaches to mucus-secreting epithelial cells, penetrates the...

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Gastritis II: Pathophysiology

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The pathophysiology of gastritis begins with the colonization of the stomach lining by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). This bacterium spreads mainly via the oral-oral route through saliva or shared utensils, and can also be transmitted in overcrowded or unhygienic environments through contaminated water, despite its brief survival outside the body.ColonizationOnce ingested, H. pylori enters the stomach and begins colonization by navigating through the mucus layer lining the stomach wall. It...

Peptic Ulcer Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Peptic ulcer disease develops when protective mechanisms of the gastrointestinal mucosa are overwhelmed by harmful factors, leading to localized erosions in the stomach or proximal duodenum. The main causes are Helicobacter pylori infection and chronic use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).Helicobacter pylori–Induced InjuryBacterial Adaptation and Colonization:H. pylori is a spiral, Gram-negative bacterium adapted to the acidic stomach. and transmitted through oral-oral or...

Peptic Ulcer Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) is characterized by the development of ulcers in the stomach or duodenal mucosa. Its pathophysiology is complex, involving a balance between damaging and protective elements.
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Pathophysiology of Peptic Ulcer Disease: Injurious Factors

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Gastric Mucosa Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis for Detecting Helicobacter pylori and Antibiotic Resistance

Gastric Mucosa Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis for Detecting Helicobacter pylori and Antibiotic Resistance

Published on: March 7, 2025

Is Helicobacter pylori always a "bad guy"?

Iva Hojsak, Sanja Kolacek¹

¹Referral Center for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, University Children's Hospital Zagreb, Klaieva 16, Zagreb, Croatia. ivahojsak@gmail.com.

Current Pharmaceutical Design

|November 5, 2013

Summary

Helicobacter pylori eradication in children presents a complex decision. While H. pylori is a leading cause of gastric cancer in adults, children rarely develop severe H. pylori-related diseases, and the infection may even offer benefits like reduced allergies.

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Area of Science:

Pediatric Gastroenterology
Infectious Diseases
Immunology

Background:

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a major cause of gastric cancer in adults.
Children are less susceptible to severe H. pylori-related conditions like peptic ulcer disease and malignancy.
Emerging evidence suggests potential benefits of H. pylori infection in children.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the "pros and cons" of H. pylori eradication in pediatric populations.
To explore the dual role of H. pylori in children, considering both risks and potential benefits.

Main Methods:

Review of current scientific literature and data.
Analysis of the relationship between H. pylori infection and various clinical outcomes in children.
Examination of H. pylori's influence on the immune system and allergic diseases.

Main Results:

H. pylori infection is linked to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) inversely.
A decreased incidence of H. pylori may correlate with an increased prevalence of allergic diseases.
H. pylori can modulate the immune response, potentially down-regulating allergy expression through Th1-biased immunity.

Conclusions:

The decision for H. pylori eradication in children requires careful consideration of potential adverse effects versus benefits.
H. pylori's role in pediatric health is multifaceted, impacting gastric health and immune-mediated conditions.
Further research is needed to fully elucidate the long-term consequences of H. pylori infection and its eradication in children.