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Offshore killer whale tracking using multiple hydrophone arrays.

Martin Gassmann1, E Elizabeth Henderson, Sean M Wiggins

  • 1Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0205.

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Summary

Researchers tracked offshore killer whales (Orcinus orca) using passive acoustics to analyze their echolocation clicks and calls. Sound source levels were estimated for different vocalizations, providing insights into killer whale acoustic behavior.

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Area of Science:

  • Marine Biology
  • Bioacoustics
  • Cetacean Research

Background:

  • Understanding delphinid behavior is crucial for marine conservation.
  • Passive acoustic monitoring offers a non-invasive method for studying marine mammals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the near-surface movements and acoustic behavior of offshore killer whales (Orcinus orca).
  • To develop and apply a novel 3D passive acoustic tracking method for delphinids.

Main Methods:

  • Deployment of L-shaped hydrophone arrays and a vertical line array from the R/P FLIP platform.
  • Development of a 3D propagation-model based passive acoustic tracking method.
  • Localization of killer whale clicks, pulsed calls, and high-frequency modulated (HFM) signals.

Main Results:

  • Successful tracking of a group of five offshore killer whales.
  • Estimation of sound source levels for echolocation clicks (170-205 dB re 1 μPa @ 1m).
  • Quantification of source levels for HFM signals (185-193 dB re 1 μPa @ 1m) and pulsed calls (146-158 dB re 1 μPa @ 1m).

Conclusions:

  • The study demonstrates the effectiveness of passive acoustic monitoring for tracking killer whale movements and behavior.
  • Estimated sound source levels provide valuable data for understanding killer whale communication and echolocation in their natural habitat.