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Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis, the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.

Paramagnetism

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...

Diamagnetism

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets....

Magnetic Damping

Magnetic Damping

Eddy currents can produce significant drag on motion, called magnetic damping. For instance, when a metallic pendulum bob swings between the poles of a strong magnet, significant drag acts on the bob as it enters and leaves the field, quickly damping the motion.
If, however, the bob is a slotted metal plate, the magnet produces a much smaller effect. When a slotted metal plate enters the field, an emf is induced by the change in flux; however, it is less effective because the slots limit the...

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Synthesis of Cationized Magnetoferritin for Ultra-fast Magnetization of Cells

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Published on: December 13, 2016

Feedback effect during ultrafast demagnetization dynamics in ferromagnets.

B Y Mueller¹, A Baral, S Vollmar

¹Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 46, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.

Physical Review Letters

|November 5, 2013

Summary

Spin-flip scattering is crucial for understanding ultrafast demagnetization in ferromagnets. Our study reveals a feedback loop enhancing spin-flip scattering, quantitatively explaining demagnetization dynamics.

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Area of Science:

Condensed matter physics
Ultrafast magnetism
Spintronics

Background:

Controversy exists regarding the role of spin-flip scattering in ultrafast demagnetization.
Previous models lacked a dynamic approach to electron spin behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate the significance of spin-flip scattering in ultrafast demagnetization.
Develop a microscopic model for spin-dependent electron dynamics.

Main Methods:

Utilized a dynamical Elliott-Yafet mechanism.
Employed a modified Stoner model with dynamic exchange splitting.
Analyzed spin-dependent electron dynamics.

Main Results:

Discovered a novel feedback effect between exchange splitting and spin-flip scattering.
Successfully reproduced key demagnetization dynamics properties quantitatively.
Demonstrated the necessity of Elliott-Yafet spin-flip scattering for accurate modeling.

Conclusions:

Spin-flip scattering is essential for a microscopic understanding of demagnetization.
The dynamic feedback mechanism provides a more accurate theoretical framework.
This work clarifies the fundamental processes governing ultrafast magnetic changes.