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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic...
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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming
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The use of small molecules in somatic-cell reprogramming.

Alexander J Federation1, James E Bradner2, Alexander Meissner3

  • 1Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; The Chemical Biology Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.

Trends in Cell Biology
|November 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Small molecules can now replace transcription factors for cell reprogramming, offering new ways to change cell states. This review explores small molecule classes and future potential in reprogramming research.

Keywords:
chemical biologyepigeneticsinduced pluripotent stem cellsreprogrammingsmall molecules

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular reprogramming and regenerative medicine.

Background:

  • Cell state manipulation is achievable via exogenous factors, primarily transcription factors.
  • Small molecules and transcription factors have a shared history in reprogramming, exemplified by early AZA and MyoD studies.
  • Recent advancements show small molecules can substitute for all reprogramming factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce the concept of cellular reprogramming.
  • To review major classes of small molecules used in reprogramming.
  • To discuss future opportunities in small molecule-driven reprogramming.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on small molecules in cellular reprogramming.
  • Categorization of small molecules based on their application and mechanism.
  • Analysis of current trends and future prospects.

Main Results:

  • Small molecules can effectively replace transcription factors in reprogramming protocols.
  • Various classes of small molecules have been identified and utilized.
  • Small molecules enhance reprogramming efficiency and can replace individual factors.

Conclusions:

  • Small molecule-based reprogramming presents a promising alternative to transcription factor-based methods.
  • Further research into small molecule combinations can unlock new therapeutic potentials.
  • The field is rapidly evolving with significant future opportunities.