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Mass Spectrum: Interpretation01:24

Mass Spectrum: Interpretation

4.1K
An unknown compound can be established by identifying the molecular ion peak in the mass spectrum. The molecular ion peak is often weak or absent due to the predominance of fragmentation in high-energy electron beams. In such cases, a soft-energy electron beam can be used to scan the spectrum to enhance the intensity of the molecular ion peak. Additionally, chemical ionization, field ionization, and desorption ionization spectra are used to obtain a relatively intense molecular ion peak.To...
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Experimental Determination of Chemical Formula02:37

Experimental Determination of Chemical Formula

35.7K
The elemental makeup of a compound defines its chemical identity, and chemical formulas are the most concise way of representing this elemental makeup. When a compound’s formula is unknown, measuring the mass of its constituent elements is often the first step in determining the formula experimentally.
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Molecular Shapes01:18

Molecular Shapes

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Molecules have characteristic shapes that are crucial for their function. The arrangement of various electron groups around the central atom dictates their molecular geometry. Electron pairs in the valence shell of a central atom will adopt an arrangement that minimizes repulsions between the electron pairs by maximizing the distance between them. The valence electrons form either bonding pairs, located primarily between bonded atoms, or lone pairs.
Two regions of electron density in a diatomic...
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The zipper model of translational control: a small upstream ORF is the switch that controls structural remodeling of an mRNA leader.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Atomic Scale Structural Studies of Macromolecular Assemblies by Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
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RNA structure determination using chemical methods.

Mark Caprara

    Cold Spring Harbor Protocols
    |November 5, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Chemical RNA structure determination uses reagents like dimethylsulfate (DMS) to identify single-stranded regions. These modifications are detected via primer extension or chemical cleavage, revealing RNA secondary structures.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biochemistry
    • Molecular Biology
    • Structural Biology

    Background:

    • RNA secondary structure is crucial for protein interactions and functional studies.
    • Understanding RNA structure aids in identifying RNAs with similar structures despite sequence divergence.
    • Chemical probing offers a method to investigate RNA structural features.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To outline chemical methods for determining RNA secondary structure.
    • To explain how chemical reagents selectively modify single-stranded RNA bases.
    • To detail the detection of these modifications for structural inference.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing chemical reagents, such as dimethylsulfate (DMS), that react with accessible RNA bases.
    • DMS methylates adenosine (N1), guanine (N7), and cytosine (N3) in single-stranded regions.
    • Detection involves primer extension inhibition (adenosine, cytosine) or chemical cleavage (guanine).

    Main Results:

    • Single-stranded RNA regions are identified by specific chemical modifications.
    • Modifications on adenosine and cytosine block reverse transcriptase, detected as primer extension stops.
    • Guanine modifications are detected through borohydride reduction and aniline cleavage, inferring structural constraints.

    Conclusions:

    • Chemical methods provide a robust approach to RNA secondary structure determination.
    • The selective reactivity of reagents with single-stranded RNA allows for mapping of structured and unstructured regions.
    • This protocol facilitates the analysis of RNA structural dynamics and interactions.