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Related Concept Videos

Multi-species Conserved Sequences02:51

Multi-species Conserved Sequences

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Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was completed, scientists studied the genome of primates, mammals, and other phylogenetically distant living beings. Such large-scale  studies have provided new insights into the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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Conserved Binding Sites01:49

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Many proteins’ biological role depends on their interactions with their ligands, small molecules that bind to specific locations on the protein known as ligand-binding sites. Ligand-binding sites are often conserved among homologous proteins as these sites are critical for protein function.
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RNA Pull-down Procedure to Identify RNA Targets of a Long Non-coding RNA
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Evolutionary conservation of long non-coding RNAs; sequence, structure, function.

Per Johnsson1, Leonard Lipovich2, Dan Grandér1

  • 1Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta
|November 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) may lack sequence conservation but retain function through conserved RNA structures. This review explores lncRNA conservation, function, and the role of secondary structures in their evolutionary persistence.

Keywords:
Antisense RNAEpigeneticEvolutionLong non-coding RNAPolypurinesSecondary structure

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are abundant in mammalian transcriptomes, with human lncRNA genes nearly as numerous as protein-coding genes.
  • Many lncRNAs lack significant interspecies sequence conservation, posing challenges for functional interpretation.
  • Mammalian lncRNA secondary structure is poorly understood, yet may be evolutionarily preserved and explain functional roles despite sequence divergence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the extent of interspecies conservation among functionally investigated lncRNAs.
  • To explore whether different forms of lncRNA functionalities are conserved.
  • To investigate the role of RNA secondary structures in lncRNA evolution and function.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing genomewide studies on mammalian lncRNA conservation.
  • Analysis of functional studies focusing on a subset of lncRNAs.
  • Survey of specific human lncRNAs with limited evolutionary conservation but proven functionality.

Main Results:

  • Lack of sequence conservation does not equate to a lack of function for many lncRNAs.
  • RNA secondary structures appear to be key functional units and evolutionary constraints for several lncRNAs.
  • Some human lncRNAs conserved only beyond primates demonstrate significant function and therapeutic potential.

Conclusions:

  • Conserved RNA structures, rather than sequence, can maintain lncRNA function across species.
  • lncRNAs may possess functional modules interspersed with less conserved regions.
  • High-throughput analysis of lncRNA conservation and function is increasingly feasible.