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Diabetic Neuropathy

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DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...
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Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration...
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Definition A diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a chronic, non-healing wound that develops in individuals with diabetes. It typically occurs on pressure-bearing areas such as the heel, metatarsal heads, or hallux, and carries a high risk of infection and amputation.Pathophysiology • The development of DFUs can be explained by four interconnected mechanisms: neuropathy, ischemia, infection, and impaired wound healing. • Neuropathy is the most common factor. Sensory...
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Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
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The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is an intricate network of nerves that controls functions such as the regulation of heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure regulation. When this system malfunctions, it can lead to various disorders that affect multiple bodily functions. One common feature of many autonomic disorders is the involvement of smooth blood vessels, which play a crucial role in regulating blood flow throughout the body.
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DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
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Diabetic autonomic neuropathy.

A M Ahmed1, A Hussein, N H Ahmed

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of Bahr Elghazal, PO Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan. Tel. 00 249 123 44936. Fax. 00 249 11 562 099. E-mail. Awad_sd@hotmail.com.

Neurosciences (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia)
|November 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diabetic autonomic neuropathy is common in Sudanese patients, affecting 40%. This condition is linked to longer diabetes duration, poor glycemic control, and peripheral neuropathy, highlighting the need for increased awareness.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Metabolism
  • Neurology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN) is under-researched in medical literature.
  • Understanding DAN's prevalence and risk factors in diverse populations is crucial for effective diabetes management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence of diabetic autonomic neuropathy in Sudanese diabetic patients.
  • To explore the association between DAN and glycemic control, diabetes duration, and peripheral neuropathy.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study involving 120 diabetic patients and 42 age-matched controls.
  • Utilized 5 cardiovascular autonomic function tests, clinical examination, and assessment of glycemic control and peripheral neuropathy.

Main Results:

  • Diabetic autonomic neuropathy was diagnosed in 40% of patients (48/120).
  • Significant associations were found between DAN and prolonged diabetes duration (P<0.001), poor glycemic control (0.01>P>0.001), and peripheral neuropathy (0.02>P>0.01).

Conclusions:

  • Diabetic autonomic neuropathy is a prevalent condition in Sudanese diabetic patients, affecting both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals.
  • Increased awareness among healthcare providers regarding DAN's occurrence, characteristics, and diagnostic methods is essential.