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Related Concept Videos

Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction01:29

Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction

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Alzheimer disease is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in older adults. It leads to gradual neuronal loss, causing cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and loss of functional independence.Risk Factors and EtiologyThe disease is multifactorial. Age is the strongest risk factor, with prevalence doubling every 5 years after age 65. Genetic factors include mutations in genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, which are associated...
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Alzheimer disease involves structural changes in the brain that begin long before symptoms appear. The most distinctive features are extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.Neuritic plaques form in the cerebral cortex and around blood vessels. These plaques contain a dense core of beta-amyloid (Aβ)—a toxic protein fragment that clumps outside neurons. The core is surrounded by damaged neuronal extensions, as well as reactive astrocytes and...
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Dementia is an acquired, progressive syndrome characterized by a decline in multiple cognitive domains severe enough to impair daily functioning and reduce independence. Although memory loss is a central feature, the diagnosis requires additional deficits involving language, executive function, visuospatial skills, judgment, calculation, or abstract reasoning. These cognitive impairments reflect underlying neurodegenerative or vascular processes that gradually disrupt neuronal networks...
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Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
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Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is pathologically identified by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein. AD pharmacotherapy aims to manage cognitive symptoms, delay disease progression, and treat behavioral symptoms. The treatment is primarily symptomatic and palliative, with no definitive disease-modifying therapy available. Cholinesterase inhibitors, including donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Razadyne), are...
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Mnemonic devices are cognitive tools that facilitate memory retention by linking new information to familiar patterns or organizational strategies. These techniques are beneficial for remembering complex or lengthy sets of information by simplifying and structuring them in easily retrievable ways.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

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Formulaic Language in Alzheimer's Disease.

Kelly Ann Bridges1, Diana Van Lancker Sidtis

  • 1New York University, Communicative Sciences and Disorders, 665 Broadway, New York, 10012 United States & The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Geriatrics Department, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, 10962 United States.

Aphasiology
|November 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) produce more formulaic language than healthy controls, regardless of disease onset age. This highlights preserved abilities in naturalistic discourse for AD patients.

Keywords:
Alzheimer’s diseaseDual-process modelFormulaic language

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Area of Science:

  • Neurolinguistics
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Research on Alzheimer's disease (AD) language deficits often overlooks naturalistic discourse and formulaic language.
  • Clinical observations suggest formulaic language production may be preserved in AD longer than other cognitive functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify formulaic expression production in the spontaneous speech of individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  • To compare formulaic language use between early- and late-onset AD groups and healthy controls.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of conversational language samples from individuals with early-onset AD (n=5), late-onset AD (n=6), and healthy controls (n=5).
  • Measurement of formulaic language based on the number of words within formulaic expressions.

Main Results:

  • Individuals with AD, irrespective of onset age, demonstrated significantly higher usage of formulaic expressions compared to healthy controls.
  • No significant difference in formulaic language measures was found between the early- and late-onset AD groups.

Conclusions:

  • Findings support a dual process model of brain function, differentiating processing of formulaic versus novel expressions.
  • Intact subcortical areas in advanced AD may underpin the production of formulaic language.
  • Clinical applications include identifying preserved formulaic language abilities and informing patient/family counseling.