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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

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Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
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Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

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Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion...
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Viruses are unique biological entities that blur the boundary between living and non-living systems. Although they lack cellular structure and metabolic processes, they can exhibit characteristics of life when infecting a host. Their defining feature is a nucleic acid core, composed of either DNA or RNA, encapsulated within a protein coat called a capsid. This simple structure allows them to invade host cells and use their machinery for replication efficiently.Viral Structure and...
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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

A Competent Hepatocyte Model Examining Hepatitis B Virus Entry through Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide as a Therapeutic Target
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Virus entry mediated by hepatitis B virus envelope proteins.

John M Taylor1

  • 1John M Taylor, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, United States.

World Journal of Gastroenterology
|November 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) envelope proteins are crucial for HBV and hepatitis delta virus infection. These proteins also enable lentiviral vectors to infect cells, highlighting their broad role in viral entry.

Keywords:
EntryEnvelope proteinsHepatitis B virusHepatitis delta virusReceptor

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Hepatology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a global cause of liver disease.
  • HBV encodes three essential envelope proteins for viral entry.
  • Hepatitis delta virus utilizes HBV envelope proteins, exacerbating liver disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the infection mechanisms of HBV, hepatitis delta virus, and lentiviral vectors.
  • To explore how host cells become susceptible to these viruses.
  • To identify unanswered questions in viral entry and host cell susceptibility.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on viral entry mechanisms.
  • Analysis of the role of HBV envelope proteins in viral assembly and infection.
  • Discussion of lentiviral vector systems utilizing HBV envelope proteins.

Main Results:

  • HBV envelope proteins mediate attachment and entry for HBV.
  • Hepatitis delta virus hijacks HBV envelope proteins for its own infection cycle.
  • Lentiviral vectors can be engineered with HBV envelope proteins to infect target cells.

Conclusions:

  • HBV envelope proteins play a central role in the infectivity of multiple viruses.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is key to developing antiviral strategies.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate viral entry pathways and host cell interactions.