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Related Concept Videos

Local Attraction01:22

Local Attraction

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Local attraction refers to disturbances in compass readings caused by magnetic influences from nearby objects such as metal fences, buried pipes, vehicles, buildings, power lines, or natural iron ore deposits. Small items like wristwatches, steel tools, or belt buckles can also interfere with the compass by creating local magnetic fields that distort the Earth's natural magnetic field. These distortions lead to inaccurate readings, posing navigation and land surveying challenges.Local...
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Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

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While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
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Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics01:13

Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics

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The potency and duration of action of local anesthetics (LAs) are determined by their pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetics describes how LAs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated from the body. When administered to the vascular tissues, LAs are quickly absorbed and enter the systemic circulation, reducing their localized effects. Adding vasoconstrictors such as epinephrine to LAs reduces their absorption into the systemic circulation, making them clinically effective. The...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia01:30

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Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...
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Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

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Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

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Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
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When local isn't best.

Thomas A Jones1

  • 1USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Forage and Range Research Laboratory Logan, UT, USA.

Evolutionary Applications
|November 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Local adaptation is not always best for restoration. While local genotypes often perform well, general adaptation is equally frequent, suggesting a need to test the "local is best" hypothesis.

Keywords:
ecological restorationlocal adaptationlocal is bestnative plantsnovel ecosystemsplant materialsprovenance

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Restoration Science

Background:

  • Local adaptation (LA) is influenced by factors like gene flow, genetic drift, and species' specialization.
  • The principle of 'local is best' is a common assumption in restoration ecology.
  • Environmental changes are accelerating globally and locally.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the conditions under which local adaptation is most effective.
  • To evaluate the 'local is best' hypothesis in ecological restoration.
  • To inform best practices for selecting genotypes for restoration projects.

Main Methods:

  • Review of ecological and evolutionary principles governing local adaptation.
  • Analysis of findings from recent meta-analyses comparing local and nonlocal genotypes.
  • Consideration of factors influencing genotype performance in changing environments.

Main Results:

  • Specialist species show greater local adaptation than generalist species.
  • Meta-analyses indicate general adaptation is as frequent as local adaptation.
  • Local genotypes are often transient, reflecting historical genetic patterns.

Conclusions:

  • The 'local is best' principle should be treated as a testable hypothesis, not a universal assumption.
  • The effectiveness of local versus nonlocal genotypes depends on specific circumstances and site conditions.
  • Local material remains a primary choice for restoration when feasible and effective, but alternatives should be considered.