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Related Concept Videos

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German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with...
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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

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From lows to highs: using low-resolution models to phase X-ray data.

David I Stuart1, Nicola G A Abrescia

  • 1Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, England.

Acta Crystallographica. Section D, Biological Crystallography
|November 6, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Structural virology advances integrative structural biology by combining methods like X-ray crystallography and cryo-EM. This approach determined the bacteriophage PM2 structure, offering insights into virus evolution and membrane biogenesis.

Keywords:
data collectionnoncrystallographic symmetryphasing methodsvirus structure

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Area of Science:

  • Structural biology
  • Structural virology
  • Integrative structural biology

Background:

  • Virus structure studies drive methodological advances in structural biology.
  • Hybridization of structural methods (X-ray crystallography, cryo-EM, SAXS, NMR) is key to integrative structural biology.
  • Exploiting phase information from multiple techniques is a core concept.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To illustrate the interplay of X-ray crystallography and cryo-EM in structural determination.
  • To determine the structure of the marine bacteriophage PM2.
  • To gain insights into virus evolution and viral membrane biogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) for initial reconstruction (~13 Å resolution).
  • Applying molecular replacement with cryo-EM data to obtain X-ray structure of the intact virus (7 Å resolution).
  • Integrating X-ray crystallographic data (2.5 Å resolution) of the major coat protein (P2) for quasi-atomic model refinement.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a 7 Å resolution X-ray structure of the intact bacteriophage PM2.
  • Generated a quasi-atomic model of the bacteriophage PM2 particle.
  • The structural model provided insights into virus evolution and membrane biogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • The combined X-ray crystallography and cryo-EM approach is effective for complex viral structures.
  • Integrative structural biology, exemplified by PM2, advances understanding of viral mechanisms.
  • Structural insights contribute to understanding fundamental biological processes like virus evolution.