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An Optimized Protocol to Analyze Glycolysis and Mitochondrial Respiration in Lymphocytes
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Regulation of glycolysis in Neurospora crassa. Kinetic properties of pyruvate kinase

M U Tsao, T I Madley

    Microbios
    |January 1, 1975
    PubMed

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    What is Glycolysis?

    Overview
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    Energy-requiring Steps of Glycolysis

    Glucose is the source of nearly all energy used by organisms. The first step of converting glucose into usable energy is called glycolysis. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of the cell over two phases: an energy-requiring phase and an energy-releasing phase. Over the first three steps, glucose is converted into different forms and attached to two phosphate groups donated by two ATP molecules, resulting in an unstable sugar. In the next two stages, the unstable sugar splits into two sugar...
    Outcomes of Glycolysis01:13

    Outcomes of Glycolysis

    Nearly all the energy used by cells comes from the bonds that make up complex organic compounds. These organic compounds are broken down into simpler molecules, such as glucose. As a result, cells extract energy from glucose over many chemical reactions—a process called cellular respiration.
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    Glycolysis: Preparatory Phase01:21

    Glycolysis: Preparatory Phase

    In cellular metabolism (the complete breakdown of glucose to extract energy),  glycolysis is the first step. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Glucose enters heterotrophic cells in two ways. One method is through secondary active transport, where the transport takes place against the glucose concentration gradient. The other mechanism uses a group of integral proteins called GLUT proteins, also known as glucose transporter proteins. These...
    Fates of Pyruvate01:20

    Fates of Pyruvate

    Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH. Two molecules of ATP are also produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
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    Other Glycolytic Pathways01:24

    Other Glycolytic Pathways

    The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) operates in parallel with glycolysis, facilitating the metabolism of both pentoses and glucose. This pathway consists of two distinct phases: the oxidative and non-oxidative phases. While it does not directly generate ATP, the intermediates formed during the process can integrate into glycolysis, contributing to cellular energy metabolism when required.Oxidative Phase: NADPH ProductionThe oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is primarily...