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Related Concept Videos

The DNA Helix01:07

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Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is the genetic material responsible for passing traits from generation to generation in all organisms and most viruses. DNA is composed of two strands of nucleotides that wind around each other to form a spring-like structure called a double helix. However, the double helix is not perfectly symmetrical. Instead, there are regularly occurring grooves in the structure. The major groove occurs where the sugar-phosphate backbones are relatively far apart. This space...
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Two structural features of the DNA molecule provide a basis for the mechanisms of heredity: the four nucleotide bases and its double-stranded nature. The Watson-Crick model of double-helical DNA structure, proposed in 1952, drew heavily upon the X-ray crystallography work of researchers Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins. Watson, Crick, and Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work in 1962. Franklin was, controversially, excluded from the prize for...
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An organism’s genome needs to be duplicated in an efficient and error-free manner for its growth and survival. The replication fork is a Y-shaped active region where two strands of DNA are separated and replicated continuously. The coupling of DNA unzipping and complementary strand synthesis is a characteristic feature of a replication fork.   Organisms with small circular DNA, such as E. coli, often have a single origin of replication; therefore, they have only two replication...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Designing a Bio-responsive Robot from DNA Origami
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Genome: twisting stories with DNA.

Ricardo Noguera-Solano1, Rosaura Ruiz-Gutierrez, Juan Manuel Rodriguez-Caso

  • 1Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM, 04510, Ciudad Universitaria, México DF, Mexico.

Endeavour
|November 6, 2013
PubMed
Summary

The concept of the genome, coined in 1920, has evolved significantly with biological advancements. Its definition expanded from chromosomes to DNA sequences, driving modern

Area of Science:

  • Genetics and Genomics
  • History of Science

Background:

  • The term 'genome' was introduced in 1920 by botanist Hans Winkler.
  • This paper traces the conceptual evolution of the genome throughout biological history.

Observation:

  • The initial structural definition of the genome as the haploid number of chromosomes has been superseded.
  • Technological progress and new understandings of heredity have reshaped the genome concept.

Findings:

  • The genome's definition expanded to encompass nuclear material, then the sum of all genes.
  • With DNA structure elucidation, the genome became understood as the sum of nucleotide base sequences.
  • In the 21st century, the genome is a complex, central concept underpinning 'omics' fields.

Implications:

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  • The evolving genome concept has paralleled major biological discoveries.
  • The modern understanding of the genome fuels powerful heuristic biological research.
  • The genome concept is foundational to the rapidly expanding field of 'omics' studies.