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Updated: May 6, 2026

Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations
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The hamstring muscle complex.

A D van der Made1, T Wieldraaijer, G M Kerkhoffs

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22700, 1100 DE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, a.d.vandermade@amc.uva.nl.

Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy : Official Journal of the ESSKA
|November 6, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hamstring anatomy, including tendon overlap and a semitendinosus muscle raphe, may explain injury patterns. The raphe might protect against severe hamstring injuries.

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Area of Science:

  • Anatomy
  • Biomechanics
  • Sports Medicine

Background:

  • Hamstring injuries are common, particularly in athletes.
  • Understanding hamstring muscle complex anatomy is crucial for injury prevention and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the anatomical features of the hamstring muscle complex.
  • To hypothesize causes for hamstring injury patterns.
  • To establish reference values for hamstring muscle and tendon dimensions.

Main Methods:

  • Dissection of 56 hamstring muscle groups from 29 human cadavers.
  • Data collection on origin dimensions, muscle length, tendon length, and musculotendinous junction (MTJ) length.
  • Analysis of the semitendinosus muscle's tendinous inscription (raphe).

Main Results:

  • Observed overlapping proximal and distal tendons in biceps femoris and semimembranosus muscles.
  • Identified a twist in the proximal semimembranosus tendon.
  • Found a tendinous inscription (raphe) in the semitendinosus muscle in 96% of specimens.

Conclusions:

  • Muscle and tendon lengths alone do not fully explain hamstring injuries.
  • Overlapping tendons and muscle architecture may predispose to injury.
  • The semitendinosus raphe may offer protection against severe hamstring injuries.