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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation01:28

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation

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Nuclear relaxation restores the equilibrium population imbalance and can occur via spin–lattice or spin–spin mechanisms, which are first-order exponential decay processes.
In spin–lattice or longitudinal relaxation, the excited spins exchange energy with the surrounding lattice as they return to the lower energy level. Among several mechanisms that contribute to spin–lattice relaxation, magnetic dipolar interactions are significant. Here, the excited nucleus transfers...
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Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)01:06

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Irradiation of a spin-active nucleus causes an increase or decrease in the signal intensity of neighboring nuclei that are not necessarily chemically bonded or involved in J-coupling. This phenomenon, called the nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE), results from through-space interactions between the nuclear spins. The NOE effect decreases with increasing internuclear distance and is generally not observed beyond 4 angstroms. In NOE, dipole-dipole interactions between neighboring spin-active...
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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
To hold positively...
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Applications Of NMR In Biology

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Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a very valuable analytical technique for researchers. It has been used for more than 50 years as an analytical tool. F. Bloch and E. Purcell formulated NMR in 1946 and won the 1952 Nobel Prize in Physics  for their work. Biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and organic molecules including pharmaceutical compounds, can be studied using this versatile tool that exploits the magnetic properties of certain nuclei.
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Nuclear Transmutation

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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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New applications of renormalization group methods in nuclear physics.

R J Furnstahl1, K Hebeler

  • 1Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210,USA.

Reports on Progress in Physics. Physical Society (Great Britain)
|November 6, 2013
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Renormalization group (RG) methods advance low-energy nuclear physics, improving calculations of nuclear forces and systems. These developments offer greater accuracy for understanding neutron stars and atomic nuclei.

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Physics
  • Low-Energy Physics
  • Computational Physics

Background:

  • Review of recent advancements in renormalization group (RG) methods.
  • Focus on applications within low-energy nuclear physics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight enhanced RG technology, especially for three-nucleon forces.
  • To discuss new results and their astrophysical and nuclear structure implications.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing advanced renormalization group (RG) techniques.
  • Applying RG methods to microscopic calculations of nuclear systems.

Main Results:

  • Significant extension in the reach and accuracy of microscopic nuclear calculations.
  • New findings on the nucleonic equation of state with neutron star applications.
  • Novel calculations for finite nuclei structure/reactions and nuclear correlations.

Conclusions:

  • Enhanced RG methods are crucial for modern nuclear physics research.
  • These advancements enable more precise astrophysical and nuclear structure predictions.