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Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways01:29

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Amino acid biosynthesis is essential for cell growth, protein synthesis, and metabolic regulation. Cells generate essential and non-essential amino acids from metabolic intermediates to sustain vital biological functions. These intermediates originate from key metabolic pathways: glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Important precursors include α-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and erythrose-4-phosphate, which...
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Microorganisms rely on proteins as an essential carbon and energy source, particularly in environments with limited polysaccharides or lipids. However, proteins are too large to cross the plasma membrane unaided, necessitating enzymatic degradation. Microbes secrete extracellular proteases and peptidases that hydrolyze proteins into peptides, which can then be transported across the membrane. Once inside the cell, intracellular proteases degrade these peptides into free amino acids, which...
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Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic demands of stomach cells are different from those of fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. Furthermore, a digestive cell works much harder to process and break down nutrients during the time that closely follows a meal compared with many hours after a meal. As these cellular demands and conditions vary, so do the amounts and...
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Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
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Metabolic Pathway Confirmation and Discovery Through 13C-labeling of Proteinogenic Amino Acids
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Modelling amino acid metabolism.

M Hjelm1, J Seakins

  • 1Institute of Child Health, University of London, 30 Guilford Street, WC1N 1EH, London, England.

Amino Acids
|November 7, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This article reviews modeling approaches for protein turnover, amino acid metabolism, and urea synthesis. It covers essential modeling concepts and relevant software for researchers in human physiology.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Physiology
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Understanding protein turnover, amino acid metabolism, and urea synthesis is crucial in human physiology.
  • Mathematical modeling provides a powerful tool to analyze complex biological systems.
  • Existing literature offers various models for these metabolic processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of building computational models for human metabolic processes.
  • To review existing models of protein turnover, amino acid metabolism, and urea synthesis.
  • To highlight relevant software and define key terms used in metabolic modeling.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing models and software.
  • Synthesis of information on model construction principles.
  • Definition of key terminology in metabolic modeling.

Main Results:

  • Summarized key aspects of model building.
  • Reviewed specific models for protein turnover, amino acid metabolism, and urea synthesis in humans.
  • Noted available software tools for metabolic modeling.
  • Provided a glossary of modeling terms.

Conclusions:

  • Modeling is a valuable approach for studying human metabolic pathways.
  • The article serves as a foundational resource for researchers entering the field of metabolic modeling.
  • Further development and application of these models can enhance understanding of human health and disease.