Cytology of induced systemic resistance of tomato to Phytophthora infestans

The infection of tomato leaves by Phytophthora infestans was followed using cytological methods. Fungal ingress and plant reactions in untreated and induced resistant plants were studied. Systemic disease resistance was induced by a local pre-infection with the same fungus. Induction retarded fungal progress at the leaf surface, epidermis and in the mesophyll. The reduced numbers of germinated cysts indicate the presence of fungitoxic substances on the leaf surface of induced plants. Frequency of fungal penetration through the outer epidermal cell wall was reduced, but only in plants exhibiting a high level of induced resistance. Autofluor-escent material, indicating the presence of lignin-like substances, accumulated rapidly beneath some of the appressoria, but this plant response was similar in induced and non-induced plants. Staining with aniline blue indicated that callose deposition was not involved in induced resistance. Thus, none of the cytologically investigated plant reactions correlated with the reduced penetration frequency observed. In the mesophyll, however, the cytological picture corresponding to a hypersensitive reaction occurred more often in induced plants. It is concluded that reduction of disease severity by induction is the result of the combined action of several successive defence reactions.