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Related Concept Videos

Amino acids03:42

Amino acids

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Amino acids are the monomers that comprise proteins. Each amino acid has the same fundamental structure, which consists of a central carbon atom, or the alpha (α) carbon, bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and to a hydrogen atom. Every amino acid also has another atom or group of atoms bonded to the central atom known as the R group. There are 20 common amino acids present in proteins, each with a different R group. Variation in the amino acid sequence is responsible...
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Introduction to Urinary System01:13

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The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra.
The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located in the retroperitoneal space, on either side of the vertebral column, between the T12 and L3 vertebrae. They are partially protected by the rib cage and surrounded by perirenal fat, which provides cushioning. They are responsible for urine formation and play critical roles in regulating blood pressure, electrolyte levels, and hormone production. The ureters...
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Drug Elimination by Renal Route: Glomerular Filtration01:17

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The kidney serves as the primary organ responsible for eliminating drugs and their metabolites from the body. This process, known as renal elimination, starts with glomerular filtration and results in urine formation. Each kidney houses millions of functional units called nephrons, where urine production takes place. A nephron has two main components: a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. Drugs gain access to the kidney via the renal artery, which progressively branches off into afferent...
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Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance01:29

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Metabolic reactions in the body produce nonvolatile acids, such as sulfuric acid, which generate an acid load of approximately 1 mEq of H+ per kilogram of body weight daily. Excreting H+ in the urine is essential to balance this acid load.
In the kidneys, cells within the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) and the collecting ducts secrete hydrogen ions (H+) into the tubular fluid. Specifically, in the PCT, Na+/H+ antiporters secrete H+ while reabsorbing Na+.
However, the intercalated cells in...
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Kidney Structure01:45

Kidney Structure

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The kidneys are two large bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdomen. They filter the blood several times a day to remove toxins and rebalance water and electrolytes of the circulatory system via the renal veins. The kidneys receive blood directly from the heart via the renal arteries. These arteries enter the kidney at the hilum, the concave surface of the bean, where they branch and divide into smaller vessels and capillaries.
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Amines: Introduction01:07

Amines: Introduction

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Amines are organic derivatives of ammonia. They are formed by replacing one or more ammonia protons with alkyl or aryl groups. Depending upon the number of organyl groups bonded to nitrogen, amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary. Primary amines have one organyl group attached to the nitrogen atom, while secondary and tertiary amines have two and three organyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom, respectively.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Evaluation of Amino Acid Consumption in Cultured Bone Cells and Isolated Bone Shafts
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Amino acids and the kidney.

G A Young1

  • 1The General Infirmary, Renal Research Unit, Great George Street, LS1 3EX, Leeds, U.K..

Amino Acids
|November 7, 2013
PubMed
Summary

The kidney is crucial for amino acid metabolism and plasma control. Chronic kidney disease disrupts these processes, leading to malnutrition that dietary supplements may not fully correct.

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Biochemistry
  • Metabolic Medicine

Background:

  • The kidney plays a vital role in amino acid metabolism, reabsorbing approximately 70g daily.
  • Amino acids are essential for regulating kidney hemodynamics, proteolysis, and overall integrity.
  • Abnormal amino acid profiles in chronic renal failure (CRF) suggest malnutrition, partially addressable by supplementation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the kidney's role in amino acid metabolism and how CRF affects these processes.
  • To understand the impact of uremia and acidosis on amino acid and protein metabolism in CRF.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of dietary supplementation in correcting amino acid abnormalities in CRF.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on kidney amino acid metabolism in normal and chronic renal failure states.

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  • Analysis of studies investigating phenylalanine hydroxylation to understand tyrosine levels in CRF.
  • Examination of metabolic pathways involving glutamine, glycine, citrulline, serine, and arginine in the kidney.

    • Main Results:

    • Normal kidney function involves glutamine uptake for acid-base balance, glycine/citrulline removal, and serine/arginine release.
    • These kidney metabolic processes are significantly impaired in chronic renal failure.
    • Uremia, acidosis, and hyperinsulinemia in CRF contribute to malnutrition and altered amino acid profiles (e.g., low essential amino acids, high non-essential amino acids, depressed branched-chain amino acids).

    Conclusions:

    • Kidney amino acid metabolism is complex and vital for homeostasis.
    • Chronic renal failure severely disrupts these metabolic functions, contributing to malnutrition.
    • Abnormalities in CRF may be less responsive to dietary supplementation due to underlying uremia and metabolic disturbances.