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Related Concept Videos

Cognitive Theories: Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion01:20

Cognitive Theories: Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion

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Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer proposed the two-factor theory of emotion, which emphasizes the interplay between physiological arousal and cognitive labeling in forming emotional experiences. This theory suggests that emotions are not simply a result of physiological responses but rather a combination of these responses and the individual's cognitive interpretation of them.
Physiological Arousal and Cognitive Labeling
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Labeling Emotion01:20

Labeling Emotion

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Emotional labeling is a cognitive process that involves identifying and naming one's emotions, such as anger, fear, happiness, or sadness. It allows individuals to recognize and express their internal emotional states, a critical aspect of emotional regulation and communication. Labeling emotions requires more than mere recognition; it also involves drawing upon memory and contextual cues to understand the current situation and apply a corresponding emotional label. For instance, feeling...
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The Influence of Cognition on Affect01:29

The Influence of Cognition on Affect

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Cognition plays a pivotal role in shaping emotional experiences, as demonstrated by Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory of emotion. According to this model, emotion arises from a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. The body’s physiological response to stimuli is ambiguous and only gains emotional significance through cognitive labeling. For instance, an increased heart rate and adrenaline surge while standing near an attractive person may be...
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Cognitive Theories: Lazarus Mediational Theory of Emotion01:17

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Richard Lazarus' cognitive mediational theory highlights the pivotal role of cognitive appraisal in shaping emotional responses. According to this theory, the evaluation of a stimulus — based on personal values, goals, beliefs, and expectations — mediates the emotional response. This appraisal process is immediate and often occurs unconsciously, influencing the intensity and nature of the resulting emotion.
Cognitive Appraisal and Emotional Response
Lazarus proposed that...
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Stereotype Content Model02:16

Stereotype Content Model

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The Stereotype Content Model (SCM) was first proposed by Susan Fiske and her colleagues (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick & Xu, 2002; see also Fiske, 2012 and Fiske, 2017). The SCM specifies that when someone encounters a new group, they will stereotype them based on two metrics: warmth—or that group’s perceived intent, and how likely they are to provide help or inflict harm—and competence—or their ability to carry out that objective. Depending on the warmth-competence...
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Encoding01:19

Encoding

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Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues
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Explicit semantic stimulus categorization interferes with implicit emotion processing.

Harald T Schupp1, Ralf Schmälzle2, Tobias Flaisch2

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany harald.schupp@uni-konstanz.de.

Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
|November 7, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cognitive tasks can suppress emotional processing. This study found that a natural scene categorization task, unlike simpler tasks, interfered with emotion processing by competing for neural resources.

Keywords:
EPNERPLPPattentioncompetitionemotion

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Previous research using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and event-related potentials (ERPs) indicated cognitive tasks can suppress emotional stimulus processing.
  • Prior studies employed simple, artificial tasks, potentially limiting ecological validity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interaction between emotion and attention using a more naturalistic scene categorization task.
  • To examine if explicit semantic categorization interferes with implicit emotion processing when competing for shared neural resources.

Main Methods:

  • An event-related potential (ERP) study was conducted using natural scene images overlaid on emotional or neutral backgrounds.
  • Participants performed an animal/non-animal categorization task or passively viewed the stimuli.
  • Neural activity was measured, focusing on occipital negativity and late positive potential.

Main Results:

  • Significant interactions were found between task condition and emotional valence.
  • In passive viewing, emotional backgrounds evoked increased occipital negativity and late positive potential.
  • During the categorization task, emotional modulation effects were superseded by target categorization effects.

Conclusions:

  • Explicit semantic categorization can interfere with implicit emotion processing when both processes compete for shared cognitive resources.
  • The findings suggest that task demands significantly influence how emotional stimuli are processed, especially in more naturalistic contexts.