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Updated: May 6, 2026

Design of Cecal Ligation and Puncture and Intranasal Infection Dual Model of Sepsis-Induced Immunosuppression
Published on: June 15, 2019
[Sick sinus syndrome possibly due to lopinavir-ritonavir: report of two cases]
Shugo Sasaki1, Naoki Yanagisawa, Akihiko Suganuma
1Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital.
Abstract:
We describe herein two cases of sick sinus syndrome possibly due to lopinavir-ritonavir in HIV-infected individuals. The heart rate dropped to 30 to 40 beats per minute in both cases, but patients remained asymptomatic and recovered promptly after discontinuation of lopinavir-ritonavir. The time until onset varied; one patient developed bradyarrhythmia 9 days after the initial dose, and another 4 hours after. Since lopinavir-ritonavir is a frequently used antiretroviral agent, clinicians must be aware of this potentially lethal adverse effect.
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Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
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Acute pharyngitis can be categorized based on its underlying cause:
Chronic Pharyngitis
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It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
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