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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

5.5K
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
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Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

121
Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular...
121
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

3.9K
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
3.9K
Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction01:26

Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

56
Diabetes mellitus consists of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. This elevated blood glucose results from defects in insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. Insulin, produced by pancreatic β-cells, is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis by facilitating cellular glucose uptake for energy or storage. Disruptions in insulin production or function lead to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream, causing the clinical features and...
56
iPS Cell Differentiation01:22

iPS Cell Differentiation

2.2K
The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

36
PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Intramuscular Transplantation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Pancreatic Endocrine Cells in Mice
06:53

Intramuscular Transplantation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Pancreatic Endocrine Cells in Mice

Published on: April 10, 2026

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Cell differentiation: therapeutical challenges in diabetes.

Enrique Roche, Nestor Vicente-Salar, Maribel Arribas

    Journal of Stem Cells
    |November 8, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary

    Generating insulin-secreting cells from stem cells offers a promising approach for diabetes treatment. Research focuses on refining protocols for embryonic and adult stem cells to improve cell function and overcome challenges like immune rejection.

    Area of Science:

    • Regenerative Medicine
    • Stem Cell Biology
    • Endocrinology

    Background:

    • Stem cells (embryonic and adult) are explored as a source for insulin-producing cells for diabetes transplantation.
    • Previous protocols for generating insulin-secreting cells from stem cells have varied in complexity and reproducibility.
    • Challenges include incomplete characterization of cell products and suboptimal hormone production.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review and analyze existing protocols for deriving insulin-secreting cells from stem cells.
    • To highlight advancements and challenges in generating functional pancreatic beta-like cells for therapeutic use.
    • To identify future research directions in stem cell-based diabetes treatment.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of published protocols for differentiating embryonic stem cells (ESCs) into insulin-producing cells.

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  • Analysis of methods utilizing neuroectodermal cells as an alternative source.
  • Examination of a recent five-step protocol mimicking embryonic pancreatic development for human ESC differentiation.

    • Main Results:

    • Initial studies demonstrated feasibility of generating insulin-secreting cells from mouse and human ESCs, but characterization was lacking.
    • Neuroectodermal cell differentiation yielded cells with low insulin production.
    • A recent protocol using human ESCs produced islet-like structures but the cells remained immature.

    Conclusions:

    • Generating functional, transplantable insulin-secreting cells from stem cells remains a significant challenge.
    • Further optimization is required to improve cell maturity and insulin content.
    • Adult stem cells and cell reprogramming offer potential alternative strategies to overcome limitations associated with ESCs, such as immune rejection and tumorigenesis.