Population dynamics of bacteria in Arctic sea ice

The dynamics of bacterial populations in annual sea ice were measured throughout the vernal bloom of ice algae near Resolute in the Canadian Arctic. The maximum concentration of bacteria was 6.0·10(11) cells·m(-2) (about 2.0·10(10) cells·l(-1)) and average cell volume was 0.473 μm(3) in the lower 4 cm of the ice sheet. On average, 37% of the bacteria were epiphytic and were most commonly attached (70%) to the dominant alga,Nitzschia frigida (58% of total algal numbers). Bacterial population dynamics appeared exponential, and specific growth rates were higher in the early season (0.058 day(-1)), when algal biomass was increasing, than in the later season (0.0247 day(-1)), when algal biomass was declining. The proportion of epiphytes and the average number of epiphytes per alga increased significantly (P<0.05) through the course of the algal bloom. The net production of bacteria was 67.1 mgC·m(-2) throughout the algal bloom period, of which 45.5 mgC·m(-2) occurred during the phase of declining algal biomass. Net algal production was 1942 mgC·m(-2). Sea ice bacteria (both arctic and antarctic) are more abundant than expected on the basis of relationships between bacterioplankton and chlorophyll concentrations in temperate waters, but ice bacteria biomass and net production are nonetheless small compared with the ice algal blooms that presumably support them.