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A problem-solving model for teaching remedial arithmetic to handicapped young children.

J A Grimm1, S W Bijou, J A Parsons

  • 1Thistletown Regional Centre, Rexdale, Ontario, Canada.

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|November 8, 2013
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Summary

This study shows that making hidden learning steps visible and reinforcing them improved number concept skills in two boys with disabilities. Gradually removing reinforcement for these steps maintained high accuracy.

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Area of Science:

  • * Developmental Psychology
  • * Special Education
  • * Behavioral Analysis

Background:

  • * Children with disabilities often face challenges in acquiring foundational academic concepts like number sense.
  • * Traditional reinforcement methods in a classroom setting were insufficient for two young boys with disabilities learning number concepts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate the effectiveness of an operant problem-solving model in teaching number concepts to handicapped children.
  • * To determine if making covert cognitive processes overt and reinforcing them improves learning accuracy.

Main Methods:

  • * An operant problem-solving model was employed with two young boys with disabilities.
  • * Initial conditions involved intermittent teacher attention; this was followed by one-to-one tutoring with continuous reinforcement, which proved ineffective.
  • * Training then focused on making covert responses (e.g., counting aloud) overt for reinforcement, followed by fading these reinforcers.

Main Results:

  • * One-to-one tutoring with continuous reinforcement did not improve accuracy in number concept tasks.
  • * Making covert problem-solving steps overt and reinforcing them led to high accuracy rates.
  • * Accuracy was maintained even after reinforcement for overt mediating steps was withdrawn.

Conclusions:

  • * The operant problem-solving model, by making cognitive processes explicit, is effective for teaching number concepts to children with disabilities.
  • * Systematic reinforcement and fading of reinforcement for mediating responses are crucial for sustained learning and problem-solving accuracy.