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The Electron Transport Chain01:30

The Electron Transport Chain

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The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is an exothermic process in which free energy released during electron transfer reactions is coupled to ATP synthesis. This process is a significant source of energy in aerobic cells, and therefore inhibitors of the electron transport chain can be detrimental to the cell's metabolic processes.
Inhibitors of the electron transport chain
Rotenone, a widely used pesticide, prevents electron transfer from Fe-S cluster to ubiquinone or Q...
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Chemolithotrophs are microorganisms that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic molecules such as hydrogen gas (H₂), ammonia (NH₃), reduced sulfur compounds (H₂S, S²⁻), and ferrous iron (Fe²⁺). Unlike heterotrophic organisms that rely on organic carbon, chemolithotrophs transfer electrons from these inorganic donors to the electron transport chain (ETC), generating a proton motive force (PMF) that drives ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation.
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The energy released from the breakdown of the chemical bonds within nutrients can be stored either through the reduction of electron carriers or in the bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In living systems, a small class of compounds functions as mobile electron carriers, molecules that bind to and shuttle high-energy electrons between compounds in pathways. The principal electron carriers that will be considered originate from the B vitamin group and are derivatives of nucleotides; they are...
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Electron Transport Chain Components01:29

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The electron transport chain (ETC) is a crucial metabolic pathway that facilitates energy conversion in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotes, the ETC comprises four membrane-associated protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. In prokaryotes, the ETC in the plasma membrane can vary in composition, with fewer or different complexes depending on the organism and environmental conditions. These complexes transfer electrons from electron donors, such as NADH and FADH2, to...
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ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview01:27

ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview

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ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's cytosolic side and the ion-conducting domain in the transmembrane region. These pumps use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Workflow Based on the Combination of Isotopic Tracer Experiments to Investigate Microbial Metabolism of Multiple Nutrient Sources
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A theoretical comparison between two ruminal electron sinks.

Emilio M Ungerfeld1

  • 1CONICYT Regional R10C1002, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo CIEN Austral, Universidad Austral de Chile Puerto Montt, Chile.

Frontiers in Microbiology
|November 8, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Reducing dihydrogen (H2) buildup in the rumen by incorporating it into reductive acetogenesis or propionate production offers similar energy but different nutritional outcomes. Further research is needed to determine the optimal strategy for animal health and productivity.

Keywords:
fermentationhydrogenmethanepropionatereductive acetogenesisrumenruminant nutrition

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Area of Science:

  • Ruminant nutrition and metabolism
  • Bioenergetics
  • Agricultural science

Background:

  • Accumulation of dihydrogen (H2) in the rumen, a byproduct of methanogenesis, represents an energy loss and can impede fermentation processes.
  • Inhibiting methanogenesis necessitates alternative pathways for H2 utilization to mitigate negative impacts on ruminant digestion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the energetic and nutritional consequences of two H2 utilization pathways: reductive acetogenesis and enhanced propionate production.
  • To evaluate the potential benefits and drawbacks of each pathway for ruminant health and productivity.

Main Methods:

  • Stoichiometric calculations were performed using a simulated rumen fermentation model.
  • Energetic outputs (heat of combustion in volatile fatty acids - VFA) were compared between the two H2 incorporation strategies.
  • Potential nutritional implications, including ruminal pH, microbial protein synthesis, and post-absorptive effects, were discussed.

Main Results:

  • Both reductive acetogenesis and increased propionate production yielded equivalent heat of combustion in VFAs.
  • Reductive acetogenesis may lead to a moderate decrease in ruminal pH, though buffering capacity complicates prediction.
  • Nutritional outcomes differ: reductive acetogenesis could favor milk energy partitioning but increase ketosis risk, while greater propionate production might benefit milk protein but is less suitable for metabolically constrained animals.

Conclusions:

  • Neither H2 incorporation pathway is currently superior due to differing nutritional implications and lack of practical application methods.
  • Further research is recommended to investigate both reductive acetogenesis and enhanced propionate production as strategies for managing H2 in the rumen.
  • Understanding these pathways is crucial for optimizing ruminant energy utilization and animal health.