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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

99
Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
99
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

28
Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion...
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Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

1.5K
RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus
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Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus

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Hepatitis A virus: host interactions, molecular epidemiology and evolution.

Gilberto Vaughan1, Livia Maria Goncalves Rossi1, Joseph C Forbi1

  • 1Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.

Infection, Genetics and Evolution : Journal of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics in Infectious Diseases
|November 9, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is a global health issue. Understanding HAV

Keywords:
Genetic relatednessGenotypeHepatitis A virusHost factorsMolecular epidemiologyMolecular evolution

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a leading cause of viral liver disease globally.
  • Unique HAV properties and host interactions are key to understanding hepatitis A pathogenesis.
  • HAV infection poses a significant public health challenge worldwide.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide current information on HAV molecular epidemiology and evolution.
  • To highlight key features of HAV-host interactions.
  • To discuss factors influencing HAV infection dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic analysis to track HAV strain distribution and evolution.
  • Genetic characterization of HAV strains to identify genotypes and subtypes.
  • Analysis of subgenomic and whole-genome sequences for molecular surveillance.

Main Results:

  • HAV strains show distinct worldwide distributions based on genotypes and subtypes.
  • Shifts in endemicity, introduction of diverse strains, and population expansion impact HAV dynamics.
  • Strong selection pressures, including deoptimized codons, limit HAV genetic variability.

Conclusions:

  • Whole-genome sequencing is essential for specific HAV strain identification in molecular surveillance.
  • Understanding HAV evolution and host interactions is crucial for public health strategies.
  • HAV molecular epidemiology reveals complex dynamics influenced by viral genetics and global travel.