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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

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Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
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Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

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Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion...
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Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

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Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
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Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

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Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not...
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Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

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DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic...
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Jaundice01:25

Jaundice

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Jaundice, or icterus, is the yellow discoloration of the skin, sclerae, and mucous membranes. It happens when plasma bilirubin levels rise above 2.5-3 mg/dL, leading to bilirubin deposition in tissue.Bilirubin is a byproduct of hemoglobin degradation. In macrophages, hemoglobin breaks down into globin and heme. Globin is converted into amino acids, while heme is turned into biliverdin by heme oxygenase, which is then reduced to unconjugated bilirubin by biliverdin reductase.Unconjugated...
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A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
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Autochthonous hepatitis E in Scotland.

Sandeep Ramalingam1, Donald Smith, Louise Wellington

  • 1Department of Laboratory Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, United Kingdom.

Journal of Clinical Virology : the Official Publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology
|November 9, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autochthonous (local) Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection, particularly genotype 3, is occurring in Scotland. HEV screening is recommended for acute hepatitis cases, regardless of travel history.

Keywords:
AutochthonousHAVHEVHepatitis E virusRIERoyal Infirmary of EdinburghScotlandViral hepatitishepatitis A virushepatitis E virus

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes acute hepatitis, traditionally linked to travel. Autochthonous HEV is prevalent in England and Wales, but previously undocumented in Scotland.
  • This study investigates the occurrence of autochthonous HEV in Scotland, a region with no prior documentation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if autochthonous Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections occur in Scotland.
  • To identify the prevalence and risk factors associated with HEV in the Scottish population.

Main Methods:

  • Tested 377 individuals with acute hepatitis in South-East Scotland over six years.
  • Confirmed acute HEV via viraemia or seroconversion, sequencing the ORF-2 region.
  • Conducted interviews to identify infection risk factors.

Main Results:

  • Sixteen individuals (4.2%) showed past HEV infection; 12 (3.2%) had acute HEV.
  • Ten acute cases had viraemia: 3 genotype 1 (travel to Indian subcontinent) and 7 genotype 3.
  • Of the 7 genotype 3 cases, 3 had no travel outside Scotland, indicating autochthonous infection.

Conclusions:

  • A significant proportion (43%) of genotype 3 HEV infections in this study were autochthonous.
  • Hepatitis E virus screening should be routine for acute hepatitis in Scotland, irrespective of travel history.