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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
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Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
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In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...
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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Clathrin Coated Vesicles01:12

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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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Phagocytosis00:41

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Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis (“cellular eating”) is one of three major types of endocytosis. Cells use phagocytosis to take in large objects—such as other cells (or their debris), bacteria, and even viruses.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Live Cell Imaging of Early Autophagy Events: Omegasomes and Beyond
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The autophagosome: origins unknown, biogenesis complex.

Christopher A Lamb, Tamotsu Yoshimori, Sharon A Tooze

    Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
    |November 9, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary

    Autophagy is a cellular process for survival and waste removal. This study explores the complex formation of the autophagosome, involving autophagy-related proteins and membrane origins.

    Area of Science:

    • Cell Biology
    • Molecular Biology

    Background:

    • Autophagy is a vital cellular process for maintaining homeostasis and stress adaptation.
    • It involves the formation of a double-membraned vesicle, the autophagosome, to engulf cellular components.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying autophagosome biogenesis.
    • To investigate the origin of the isolation membrane and the roles of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins.

    Main Methods:

    • Review and synthesis of current literature on autophagy initiation and autophagosome formation.
    • Analysis of proposed models for isolation membrane origin, including the mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM).

    Main Results:

    • Autophagy initiation involves a complex interplay of ATG proteins.

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  • The isolation membrane, a precursor to the autophagosome, may originate from the MAM.
  • Vesicular trafficking machinery plays a crucial role in autophagosome maturation.

    • Conclusions:

    • Understanding autophagosome biogenesis is key to comprehending cellular stress responses.
    • Further research is needed to fully clarify the origin and formation dynamics of the isolation membrane.