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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

1.2K
Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
1.2K
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

1.3K
Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the...
1.3K
Oscillations about an Equilibrium Position01:04

Oscillations about an Equilibrium Position

5.7K
Stability is an important concept in oscillation. If an equilibrium point is stable, a slight disturbance of an object that is initially at the stable equilibrium point will cause the object to oscillate around that point. For an unstable equilibrium point, if the object is disturbed slightly, it will not return to the equilibrium point. There are three conditions for equilibrium points—stable, unstable, and half-stable. A half-stable equilibrium point is also unstable, but is named so...
5.7K
Forced Oscillations01:06

Forced Oscillations

6.3K
When an oscillator is forced with a periodic driving force, the motion may seem chaotic. The motions of such oscillators are known as transients. After the transients die out, the oscillator reaches a steady state, where the motion is periodic, and the displacement is determined.
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Fabrication and Testing of Microfluidic Optomechanical Oscillators
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Mutually synchronized bottom-up multi-nanocontact spin-torque oscillators.

S Sani1, J Persson, S M Mohseni

  • 11] Department of Materials Physics, School of Information and Communication Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Electrum 229, 164 40 Kista, Sweden [2] NanOsc AB, Electrum 205, 164 40 Kista, Sweden.

Nature Communications
|November 9, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We demonstrate a simple, cost-effective bottom-up method to synchronize multiple spin-torque oscillators. This breakthrough enables large ensembles of synchronized nanocontact spin-torque oscillators for advanced research.

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Area of Science:

  • Spintronics
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Spin-torque oscillators (STOs) offer nanoscale size and ultrafast signal generation.
  • Limitations include low output power and high phase noise, hindering applications.
  • Spin-wave-mediated synchronization is a potential solution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a cost-effective, bottom-up method for synchronizing multiple STOs.
  • To overcome limitations of expensive top-down lithography for STO synchronization.
  • To demonstrate synchronization in larger ensembles than previously achieved.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of nanocontact spin-torque oscillators using a bottom-up approach.
  • Utilizing spin-wave-mediated coupling for mutual synchronization.
  • Experimental demonstration of synchronization in devices with 3, 4, and 5 nanocontacts.

Main Results:

  • Successful mutual synchronization of three high-frequency nanocontact STOs.
  • Demonstrated pairwise synchronization in devices with four and five nanocontacts.
  • Established a scalable and cost-effective method for STO synchronization.

Conclusions:

  • The presented bottom-up method enables large ensembles of synchronized STOs.
  • This approach overcomes fabrication limitations and cost barriers.
  • Facilitates future research in spin-transfer torque and magnetodynamics.