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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

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Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
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Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

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Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion...
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Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Cytomegalovirus Disease01:27

Cytomegalovirus Disease

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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
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Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

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Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
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Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Modeling Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Non-Hepatic 293T-NE-3NRs Cells
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Seronegative hepatitis C virus infection.

Justyna Kaźmierczak1, Agnieszka Pawełczyk, Kamila Caraballo Cortes

  • 1Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland, jkazmierczak@wum.edu.pl.

Archivum Immunologiae Et Therapiae Experimentalis
|November 9, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Seronegative Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, where antibodies are undetectable, poses diagnostic and epidemiological challenges. This review explores its prevalence and mechanisms in various patient groups.

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a significant global cause of liver disease.
  • Standard HCV diagnostics detect anti-HCV antibodies and viral RNA.
  • A subset of chronically infected patients lacks detectable antibodies, termed seronegative or serosilent infection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review epidemiological data on seronegative HCV infection.
  • To discuss potential mechanisms of seronegative HCV.
  • To differentiate seronegative infection from occult infection and prolonged seroconversion.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of epidemiological studies.
  • Analysis of mechanisms contributing to atypical HCV seroconversion.
  • Comparative analysis of different HCV infection types.

Main Results:

  • Seronegative HCV infection prevalence varies in specific populations like HIV/HCV co-infected individuals, hemodialysis patients, and blood/organ donors.
  • Mechanisms for seronegative infection include impaired immune response or early viral clearance before antibody production.
  • Distinguishing seronegative from occult HCV and prolonged seroconversion is crucial for accurate diagnosis.

Conclusions:

  • Seronegative HCV infection represents a critical diagnostic challenge.
  • Understanding its epidemiology and mechanisms is vital for public health and patient management.
  • Further research is needed to refine diagnostic strategies and understand transmission dynamics.