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Updated: May 6, 2026

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Published on: November 30, 2018
Spatial and contextual factors in beginning reading: Evidence for PSG-CSG complements to developing automaticity?
1Behavioral Research Directorate, Human Engineering Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, 21005, Maryland.
Abstract:
Two experiments were designed to examine the development of spatial and contextual sensitivity during early reading. Second and fifth graders read second- and fifth-grade level paragraphs that were either normally typed or had the spaces between the words filled. Both groups read the second-grade paragraphs and the normally typed paragraphs fastest, while the filled fifth-grade paragraphs were read slowest. The data were interpreted as providing evidence for a skill acquisition hierarchy that attempts to resolve contradictions previously reported by Hochberg (1970), while providing a good complement to LaBerge and Samuel's (1974) notions of automaticity.
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