The effects of caffeine on blood pressure and heart rate: A review

Area of Science:

• Cardiovascular Physiology
• Pharmacology

Background:

• Caffeine consumption is widespread, prompting concerns about its impact on cardiovascular health.
• Existing research presents mixed findings regarding caffeine's association with hypertension and cardiovascular disease risk.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review existing research on the effects of caffeine on blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR).
• To examine potential moderating factors such as tolerance, family history of hypertension, and pre-existing hypertension.

Main Methods:

• Systematic review of epidemiological and experimental laboratory studies.
• Analysis of caffeine's acute and chronic effects on BP and HR.
• Investigation of individual differences in response to caffeine.

Main Results:

• Epidemiological studies show inconsistent results.
• Experimental studies generally indicate acute, additive increases in BP with caffeine, rarely synergistic.
• Heart rate responses are less consistent; tolerance develops but may diminish with overnight abstinence.
• Long-term effects on BP appear minimal for typical users, but at-risk individuals may be more vulnerable.

Conclusions:

• Caffeine can cause acute BP elevations, but long-term risks seem low for the general population.
• Individuals with or at risk for hypertension may experience greater BP responses to caffeine.
• Further research is needed to clarify HR variability and long-term implications for at-risk groups.