Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Radical Formation: Abstraction00:47

Radical Formation: Abstraction

3.3K
The electron of an atom can be abstracted from a compound by a relatively unstable radical to generate a new radical of relatively greater stability. For example, an initiator which forms radicals by homolysis can abstract a suitable species like a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom from a compound to generate a new radical. This ability of radicals to propagate by abstraction is a crucial feature of radical chain reactions.
Even though homolysis produces radicals, it is different from radical...
3.3K
How Data are Classified: Categorical Data01:11

How Data are Classified: Categorical Data

29.6K
A variable, usually notated by capital letters such as X and Y, is a characteristic or measurement that can be determined for each member of a population. Data are the actual values of variables. They may be numbers, or they may be words. Datum is a single value.
Data are classified based on whether they are measurable or not. Categorical data cannot be measured; instead, it can be divided into categories. For example, if Y denotes a person's party affiliation, some examples of Y include...
29.6K
Nominal Level of Measurement00:56

Nominal Level of Measurement

25.9K
The way a set of data is measured is called its level of measurement. Correct statistical procedures depend on a researcher being familiar with levels of measurement. Not every statistical operation can be used with every set of data. For analysis, data are classified into four levels of measurement—nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
The data that cannot be measured but can be grouped into categories fall under the nominal level of measurement. Data that is measured using a nominal...
25.9K
Natural and Artificial Concepts01:24

Natural and Artificial Concepts

743
In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: natural and artificial. Natural concepts are formed through direct or indirect experiences. For example, consider the concept of snow. If you live in a place with regular snowfall, such as Essex Junction, Vermont, you know snow through direct experiences. You’ve seen it fall, touched it, shoveled it, and played in it. You recognize its texture, appearance, and even its smell. In contrast, if you live on an island like Saint...
743
Schemas01:42

Schemas

10.8K
A schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.
10.8K
Taxonomy01:31

Taxonomy

69.4K
Taxonomy is the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics. It uses a hierarchy of increasingly inclusive categories with Latin names. The smallest units of taxonomy, species and genus, are used to assign a formal, taxonomic name to each species in a system. This classification system, referred to as binomial nomenclature, was formalized by Carolus Linnaeus in the 18th century.
Hierarchy of Taxonomy
The hierarchy that Carolus Linnaeus first...
69.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same journal

The benefit of simultaneous versus sequential presentation of memoranda in working memory: It depends on the stimuli.

Memory & cognition·2026
Same journal

Extracting prototypes from lexical feature norms for settlement concepts.

Memory & cognition·2026
Same journal

The lifetime of sequential memory traces.

Memory & cognition·2026
Same journal

The properties of personal semantics.

Memory & cognition·2026
Same journal

Music enhances associative generalization: Evidence from a memory integration task.

Memory & cognition·2026
Same journal

Video, text, and memory: An emotional verbal overshadowing effect.

Memory & cognition·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning
14:38

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning

Published on: November 2, 2012

13.6K

The abstraction of arbitrary categories.

D W Small1

  • 1LaSalle College, 19141, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Memory & Cognition
|November 9, 2013
PubMed
Summary

People remember concepts, not exact sentences. This study shows that word group size influences recognition, suggesting memory organization doesn't require deep meaning.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Memory Studies

Background:

  • Prior research (Bransford & Franks, 1971) indicated memory retains linguistic *ideas* over exact sentences.
  • The role of organizational processes, specifically co-occurrence information, in this phenomenon remained unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if memory organization processes, based on co-occurrence, can operate without semantic content.
  • To determine if the 'idea' retention phenomenon can be replicated using arbitrary word groups instead of sentences.

Main Methods:

  • Adapted Bransford and Franks' recognition memory procedure.
  • Replaced linguistic sentences with arbitrarily chosen word groups of varying sizes.
  • Assessed subjects' recognition ratings for both previously presented (old) and novel (new) word groups.

More Related Videos

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues
07:34

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues

Published on: June 3, 2013

19.5K
Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms
07:31

Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms

Published on: February 8, 2019

6.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 6, 2026

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning
14:38

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning

Published on: November 2, 2012

13.6K
Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues
07:34

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues

Published on: June 3, 2013

19.5K
Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms
07:31

Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms

Published on: February 8, 2019

6.2K

Main Results:

  • Subjects rated larger new word groups higher than smaller new word groups, mirroring sentence complexity effects.
  • This hierarchical recognition pattern was also observed for old word groups.
  • Old word groups were consistently rated higher than new word groups across all sizes.

Conclusions:

  • Hierarchical recognition structures can form based on simple organizational principles like co-occurrence, independent of semantic meaning.
  • The retention of 'ideas' may not solely rely on deep semantic processing but can be influenced by structural or associative information.
  • Memory does not require the complete absence of original input items to establish organizational hierarchies.