Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

2.7K
Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
2.7K
Perceptual Constancy01:12

Perceptual Constancy

1.8K
Perceptual constancy is the ability to recognize that objects remain consistent and unchanged even when their appearance varies due to changes in sensory input. There are four main types of perceptual constancy: size constancy, shape constancy, color constancy, and brightness constancy.
Size constancy is the recognition that an object remains the same size, even when its image on the retina changes. For instance, a bus is perceived to be large enough to carry people, even if it looks tiny from...
1.8K
Vision01:24

Vision

48.6K
Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
48.6K
Parallel Processing01:20

Parallel Processing

961
The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...
961
Gestalt Principles of Perception01:21

Gestalt Principles of Perception

1.9K
Gestalt principles provide a framework for understanding how humans perceive objects as unified wholes within their context. These principles are essential in explaining the cognitive processes that make sense of complex visual stimuli by organizing them into coherent groups. One fundamental principle is proximity, which posits that objects located close to each other are perceived as a collective group. For instance, when dots are positioned near one another, the visual system interprets them...
1.9K
Factors Affecting Perception01:25

Factors Affecting Perception

3.3K
Perception is influenced by perceptual set, context, motivation, and emotion. Perceptual set, or perceptual expectancy, refers to the tendency to perceive things in a particular way, influenced by previous experiences and expectations. This phenomenon affects the interpretation of stimuli, creating a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that impact sensory perceptions of sound, taste, touch, and sight.
An illustrative example of a perceptual set is the scenario where an airline pilot told...
3.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Memory for pictures and words as a function of level of processing: Depth or dual coding?

Memory & cognition·2013
Same author

Free and serial recall of pictures, sounds, and words.

Memory & cognition·2013
Same author

The associative learning of the deaf: The effects of word imagery and signability.

Memory & cognition·2011
Same author

Pictures and words in visual search.

Memory & cognition·2011
Same author

Commentaries.

Canadian Medical Association journal·2010
Same author

Unique physicochemical profile of beta-amyloid peptide variant Abeta1-40E22G protofibrils: conceivable neuropathogen in arctic mutant carriers.

Journal of molecular biology·2004
Same journal

Music enhances associative generalization: Evidence from a memory integration task.

Memory & cognition·2026
Same journal

Video, text, and memory: An emotional verbal overshadowing effect.

Memory & cognition·2026
Same journal

Limited protective effects of multilingualism against age-related cognitive decline.

Memory & cognition·2026
Same journal

Validation of illustrated texts: Can pictures raise awareness of inconsistencies?

Memory & cognition·2026
Same journal

4I remember (and forget) your happy smiling face: Directed forgetting of emotionally expressive faces of in-group and out-group members.

Memory & cognition·2026
Same journal

Identity in the spotlight: Matching faces without overlapping features.

Memory & cognition·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments
08:12

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments

Published on: March 1, 2022

2.1K

Perceptual comparisons through the mind's eye.

A Paivio1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, N6A 5C2, London, Ontario, Canada.

Memory & Cognition
|November 9, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study shows that verbal and nonverbal information use separate long-term memory (LTM) systems. Different processing speeds for size and pronunciation tasks support distinct memory pathways for words and images.

More Related Videos

A Two-interval Forced-choice Task for Multisensory Comparisons
07:13

A Two-interval Forced-choice Task for Multisensory Comparisons

Published on: November 9, 2018

10.6K
Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues
07:34

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues

Published on: June 3, 2013

19.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 6, 2026

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments
08:12

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments

Published on: March 1, 2022

2.1K
A Two-interval Forced-choice Task for Multisensory Comparisons
07:13

A Two-interval Forced-choice Task for Multisensory Comparisons

Published on: November 9, 2018

10.6K
Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues
07:34

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues

Published on: June 3, 2013

19.5K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Human Memory

Background:

  • Current theories of long-term memory (LTM) often propose unified systems for information processing.
  • Investigating distinct processing pathways for verbal and nonverbal information is crucial for understanding memory and cognition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test a theory positing functionally distinct LTM systems for verbal and nonverbal information.
  • To examine how different modalities (pictures vs. words) affect memory and cognitive judgments.

Main Methods:

  • Four experiments were conducted using visual (pictures) and verbal (printed names) stimuli of objects and animals.
  • Participants judged conceptual size, perceived distance, or ease of pronunciation for presented pairs.
  • Reaction times (RT) and accuracy were recorded to analyze cognitive processing.

Main Results:

  • RT for size comparisons increased as memory size differences decreased, irrespective of category.
  • Picture comparisons were faster for size, while word comparisons were faster for pronunciation.
  • Size congruency effects were observed with pictures but not words, and reversed for distance judgments.

Conclusions:

  • Findings support a dual-system theory of LTM, differentiating verbal and nonverbal information processing.
  • Results challenge existing verbal coding and abstract propositional theories of LTM.
  • Evidence suggests distinct neural or cognitive mechanisms underlie processing of different information types.