Multimodality imaging of CXCR4 in cancer: current status towards clinical translation
1Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Room 7137, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705-2275, USA. wcai@uwhealth.org.
Abstract:
CXCR4 has gained tremendous attention over the last decade, since it was found to be up-regulated in a wide variety of cancer types, in addition to its role in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Molecular imaging of CXCR4 with small molecules, peptides, and antibodies has been a vibrant research area over the last several years. In this review article, we will summarize the current status of imaging CXCR4 with fluorescence, bioluminescence, positron emission tomography, and single-photon emission computed tomography techniques. Since each molecular imaging modality has its own strengths and weaknesses, dualmodality probes that can be detected by more than one imaging techniques have also been investigated. Noninvasive visualization of CXCR4 expression has potential clinical applications in multiple facets of patient management. While big strides have been made over the last several years in the development of CXCR4- targeted imaging probes, clinical translation and investigation of these agents in cancer patients are eagerly awaited. Since CXCR4 is also involved in many other diseases beyond cancer, these clinically translatable probes can also play multiple roles in other pathological disorders such as myocardial infarction and several immunodeficiency disorders.
Insights
Molecular imaging of chemokine receptor CXCR4, upregulated in cancers and HIV, is advancing. CXCR4-targeted probes show promise for diagnosing and managing various diseases, including cancer and myocardial infarction.
Area of Science:
- Molecular imaging
- Oncology
- Infectious diseases
Background:
- Chemokine receptor CXCR4 is upregulated in numerous cancer types and in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
- CXCR4 plays a crucial role in disease pathogenesis, driving significant research interest.
- Molecular imaging of CXCR4 is vital for understanding disease progression and guiding treatment.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the current status of molecular imaging techniques targeting CXCR4.
- To discuss the development and potential clinical applications of CXCR4-targeted imaging probes.
- To highlight the role of CXCR4 imaging in cancer and other diseases like myocardial infarction and immunodeficiency disorders.
Main Methods:
- Review of fluorescence, bioluminescence, positron emission tomography (PET), and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging techniques for CXCR4.
- Investigation of dual-modality probes combining multiple imaging techniques.
- Summary of small molecules, peptides, and antibodies used as CXCR4-targeting agents.
Main Results:
- Significant advancements have been made in developing CXCR4-targeted molecular imaging probes.
- Various imaging modalities demonstrate strengths and weaknesses, leading to the development of dual-modality probes.
- Noninvasive visualization of CXCR4 expression offers potential clinical applications in patient management.
Conclusions:
- CXCR4-targeted molecular imaging is a rapidly evolving field with substantial progress.
- Clinical translation of these imaging agents in cancer patients is highly anticipated.
- Clinically translatable CXCR4 probes hold promise for diagnosing and managing diverse pathological conditions beyond cancer.
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