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Related Concept Videos

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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
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The process of a solid dissolving in a liquid to form a solution is governed by the solubility limit, which is the maximum amount of the solid substance, or solute, that can be dissolved in a specific volume of the liquid or solvent. As the solute dissolves, it reaches a point where no more solute can be dissolved at a given temperature - this is known as the saturation point. However, if further solute is added and it manages to dissolve, the solution becomes supersaturated. Supersaturated...
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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Liquid-cell Transmission Electron Microscopy for Tracking Self-assembly of Nanoparticles
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Liquid to solid nucleation via onion structure droplets.

Kipton Barros1, W Klein

  • 1Theoretical Division and CNLS, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|November 12, 2013
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We found that in dimensions 3 and higher, the favored droplet during homogeneous nucleation is onion-like. This discovery impacts understanding of phase transitions in various materials like polymers and metals.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Homogeneous nucleation is a fundamental process in phase transitions.
  • Metastable liquids can transition to ordered phases through nucleation.
  • Understanding droplet formation is key to predicting material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the favored structure of nucleating droplets in metastable liquids.
  • To analyze droplet morphology in dimensions d ≥ 3.
  • To explore the implications for systems with long-range interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized density functional theories (DFTs) for theoretical analysis.
  • Studied homogeneous nucleation from a deeply quenched metastable liquid.
  • Analyzed the spatial modulations within the nucleating phase.

Main Results:

  • Identified a universally favored nucleating droplet structure in d ≥ 3.
  • The favored droplet is spherically symmetric with radial modulations.
  • These modulations resemble the layers of an onion.

Conclusions:

  • The onion-like droplet structure is a general finding for density functional theories.
  • This structure has significant implications for systems with effective long-range interactions.
  • The findings potentially apply to diverse systems including polymers, plasmas, and metals.