A novel type of somatic embryogenesis in Coffea arabica

A novel type of somatic embryogenesis characterized by an efficient and highly synchronized embryo formation was observed in embryogenic callus of Coffea arabica initiated on Murashige and Skoog medium containing kinetin (4 mg/l) and 2,4-D (1 mg/l). It occurs in suspension and goes along with the suppression of "High Frequency Somatic Embryo Induction" (HFSE). This is achieved by favoring during cultivation senescence-or necrosis-like processes which apparently do not impair the competence for embryogenesis. Since the resulting embryos germinate at a rate of 94.5 % without the need of a maturation step, we propose the term "Self-Controlled Somatic Embryogenesis" (SCSE).In addition, HFSE was optimized using half-strength liquid medium with 0.1 mg/l kinetin and 0.25 mg/l 2,4-D for proliferation of embryonic tissue, and 2.6 mg/l ABA for maturation of embryos. Yields as well as germination rates of HFSE embryos were markedly lower as compared to SCSE.